Dynamic load balancing for multi-core computing environments

ABSTRACT

Methods, apparatus, systems, and articles of manufacture are disclosed for dynamic load balancing for multi-core computing environments. An example apparatus includes a first and a plurality of second cores of a processor, and circuitry in a die of the processor separate from the first and the second cores, the circuitry to enqueue identifiers in one or more queues in the circuitry associated with respective ones of data packets of a packet flow, allocate one or more of the second cores to dequeue first ones of the identifiers in response to a throughput parameter of the first core not satisfying a throughput threshold to cause the one or more of the second cores to execute one or more operations on first ones of the data packets, and provide the first ones to one or more data consumers to distribute the first data packets.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent arises from a continuation of U.S. Pat. Application No.17/018,809 (now U.S. Pat. No. ______), which was filed on Sep. 11, 2020,which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Pat. Application No.62/979,963, which was filed on Feb. 21, 2020, and U.S. Provisional Pat.Application No. 62/899,061, which was filed on Sep. 11, 2019. U.S. Pat.Application No. 17/018,809, U.S. Provisional Pat. Application No.62/979,963, and U.S. Provisional Pat. Application No. 62/899,061 arehereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Priority toU.S. Pat. Application No. 17/018,809, U.S. Provisional Pat. ApplicationNo. 62/979,963, and U.S. Provisional Pat. Application No. 62/899,061 ishereby claimed.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

This disclosure relates generally to multi-core computing environmentsand, more particularly, to dynamic load balancing for multi-corecomputing environments.

BACKGROUND

Multi-access edge computing (MEC) is a network architecture concept thatenables cloud computing capabilities and an infrastructure technologyservice environment at the edge of a network, such as a cellularnetwork. Using MEC, data center cloud services and applications can beprocessed closer to an end user or computing device to improve networkoperation. Such processing can consume a disproportionate amount ofbandwidth of processing resources closer to the end user or computingdevice thereby increasing latency, congestion, and power consumption ofthe network.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an illustration of an example multi-core computing environmentincluding an example multi-core computing system.

FIG. 2 is an illustration of an example implementation of the examplemulti-core computing system of FIG. 1 including example dynamic loadbalancers (DLBs).

FIG. 3 is an illustration of a first example workflow executed by theexample multi-core computing system of FIGS. 1 and/or 2 to process anexample data flow.

FIG. 4 is an illustration of a second example workflow based on orderedscheduling executed by the example multi-core computing system of FIGS.1 and/or 2 to process an example data flow.

FIG. 5 is an annotated illustration of the second example workflow ofFIG. 4 .

FIG. 6 is an illustration of a third example workflow based on atomicscheduling executed by the example multi-core computing system of FIGS.1 and/or 2 to process example data flows.

FIG. 7 is an illustration of first example processing core utilizationin a central processing unit (CPU).

FIG. 8 is an illustration of second example processing core utilizationin a CPU that includes one of the example DLBs of FIGS. 2-6 .

FIG. 9 is an illustration of example throughput in a CPU.

FIG. 10 is an illustration of example throughput in a CPU that includesone of the example DLBs of FIGS. 2-6 .

FIGS. 11-13 are illustrations of static fixed core utilization in a CPU.

FIGS. 14-16 are illustrations of dynamic scalable core utilization in aCPU that includes one of the example DLBs of FIGS. 2-6 .

FIG. 17 is a table depicting example throughput parameters based on aCPU with and without the example DLBs of FIGS. 2-6 .

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of an example implementation of one(s) of theDLBs of FIGS. 2-6 .

FIG. 19 is an illustration of an example producer and consumerscheduling system including one of the DLBs of FIGS. 2-6 and/or 18 .

FIG. 20 is an illustration of one of the DLBs of FIGS. 2-6, 18, and/or19 facilitating a scheduling of computing tasks across a multi-corecomputing architecture.

FIG. 21 is an illustration of one of the DLBs of FIGS. 2-6, 18, 19,and/or 20 to facilitate a scheduling of computing tasks across amulti-core computing architecture.

FIG. 22 is an illustration of one of the DLBs of FIGS. 2-6, 18, 19, 20,and/or 21 to facilitate a scheduling of computing tasks across amulti-core computing architecture.

FIG. 23 is an illustration of one of the DLBs of FIGS. 2-6, 18, 19, 20,21, and/or 22 to facilitate a scheduling of computing tasks across amulti-core computing architecture.

FIG. 24 is an illustration of an example virtualized implementation ofthe DLB(s) of FIGS. 2-6, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and/or 23 facilitating ascheduling of computing tasks across a multi-core computingarchitecture.

FIGS. 25A-25D depict example implementations of different types ofqueues implemented by the DLB(s) of FIGS. 2-6, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,and/or 24 .

FIG. 26 is an illustration of a fourth example workflow using the DLB(s)of FIGS. 2-6, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, and/or 24 .

FIG. 27 is an illustration of an example application that may beimplemented using the DLB(s) of FIGS. 2-6, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,and/or 24 .

FIG. 28 is an illustration of another example application that may beimplemented using the DLB(s) of FIGS. 2-6, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,and/or 26 .

FIG. 29 is an annotated illustration of the example application of FIG.28 .

FIG. 30 is an illustration of another example application that may beimplemented using the DLB(s) of FIGS. 2-6, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,26, and/or 28 .

FIG. 31 is an illustration of yet another example application may beimplemented using the DLB(s) of FIGS. 2-6, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,26, and/or 28 .

FIG. 32 is an illustration of a fifth example workflow corresponding tocharging and returning points in an example three-stage pipeline thatmay be implemented using the DLB(s) of FIGS. 2-6, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,23, 24, 26, and/or 28 .

FIGS. 33-34 depict example data flow diagrams corresponding to operationof the producer and consumer scheduling system of FIG. 19 .

FIG. 35 is an example table depicting an example implementation of ahardware control word and a consumer queue element that may beimplemented using the DLB(s) of FIGS. 2-6, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,26, and/or 28 .

FIG. 36 is a block diagram of an example implementation of an examplemulti-core processor including ones of the DLBs of FIGS. 2-6, 18, 19,20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 33, and/or 34 .

FIG. 37 is a block diagram of another example implementation of anexample multi-core processor including ones of the DLBs of FIGS. 2-6,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 33, and/or 34 .

FIG. 38 is an illustration of an example multi-core processor incommunication with an example field programmable gate array (FPGA) thatimplements the DLB of FIGS. 2-6, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 33,and/or 34 .

FIG. 39 is an illustration of an example system including the examplemulti-core processor and the example FPGA of FIG. 38 .

FIGS. 40A-40D depict different example implementations of the system ofFIG. 39 .

FIG. 41 is an illustration of an example producer and consumerscheduling system executed using system memory.

FIG. 42 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the DLB of FIGS. 2-6, 10,14, 16, 18-24, 26, 28, 33, 34, and/or 36-40D to dynamically load balancea data flow.

FIG. 43 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the DLB of FIGS. 2-6, 10,14, 16, 18-24, 26, 28, 33, 34, and/or 36-40D to move example datainstructions.

FIG. 44 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the DLB of FIGS. 2-6, 10,14, 16, 18-24, 26, 28, 33, 34, and/or 36-40D to dynamically load balancea data flow based on events.

FIG. 45 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the DLB of FIGS. 2-6, 10,14, 16, 18-24, 26, 28, 33, 34, and/or 36-40D to dynamically load balancea data flow.

FIG. 46 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the DLB of FIGS. 2-6, 10,14, 16, 18-24, 26, 28, 33, 34, and/or 36-40D to dynamically load balancea data flow.

FIG. 47 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement an example softwaredistribution platform to distribute software to the DLB of FIGS. 2-6,10, 14, 16, 18-24, 26, 28, 33, 34, and/or 36-40D.

FIG. 48 is a block diagram of an example processing platform structuredto execute the example machine readable instructions of FIGS. 42-46 toimplement the DLB of FIGS. 2-6, 10, 14, 16, 18-24, 26, 28, 33, 34,and/or 36-40D.

FIG. 49 is a block diagram of another example processing platformstructured to execute the example machine readable instructions of FIGS.42-46 to implement the DLB of FIGS. 2-6, 10, 14, 16, 18-24, 26, 28, 33,34, and/or 36-40D.

FIG. 50 is a block diagram of yet another example processing platformsystem structured to execute the example machine readable instructionsof FIGS. 42-46 to implement the DLB of FIGS. 2-6, 10, 14, 16, 18-24, 26,28, 33, 34, and/or 36-40D.

FIG. 51 is a block diagram of an example software distribution platformto distribute software (e.g., software corresponding to the examplecomputer readable instructions of FIGS. 42-46 ) to client devices suchas consumers (e.g., for license, sale and/or use), retailers (e.g., forsale, re-sale, license, and/or sub-license), and/or original equipmentmanufacturers (OEMs) (e.g., for inclusion in products to be distributedto, for example, retailers and/or to direct buy customers).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The figures are not to scale. In general, the same reference numberswill be used throughout the drawing(s) and accompanying writtendescription to refer to the same or like parts. Connection references(e.g., attached, coupled, connected, and joined) are to be construedbroadly and may include intermediate members between a collection ofelements and relative movement between elements unless otherwiseindicated. As such, connection references do not necessarily infer thattwo elements are directly connected and in fixed relation to each other.

Unless specifically stated otherwise, descriptors such as “first,”“second,” “third,” etc., are used herein without imputing or otherwiseindicating any meaning of priority, physical order, arrangement in alist, and/or ordering in any way, but are merely used as labels and/orarbitrary names to distinguish elements for ease of understanding thedisclosed examples. In some examples, the descriptor “first” may be usedto refer to an element in the detailed description, while the sameelement may be referred to in a claim with a different descriptor suchas “second” or “third.” In such instances, it should be understood thatsuch descriptors are used merely for identifying those elementsdistinctly that might, for example, otherwise share a same name.

Multi-access edge computing (MEC) is a network architecture concept thatenables cloud computing capabilities and an infrastructure technologyservice environment at the edge of a network, such as a cellularnetwork. Using MEC, data center cloud services and applications can beprocessed closer to an end user or computing device to improve networkoperation.

While MEC is an important part of the evolution of edge computing, cloudand communication service providers are addressing the need to transformnetworks of the cloud and communication service providers in preparationfor fifth generation cellular network technology (i.e., 5G). To meet thedemands of next generation networks supporting 5G, cloud serviceproviders can replace fixed function proprietary hardware with moreagile and flexible approaches that rely on the ability to maximize theusage of multi-core edge and data center servers. Next generation serveredge and data center networking can include an ability to virtualize anddeploy networking functions throughout a data center and up to andincluding the edge. High packet throughput amplifies the need for betterend-to-end latency, Quality of Service (QoS), and traffic management.Such needs in turn drive requirements for efficient data movement anddata sharing between various stages of a data plane pipeline across anetwork.

Queue management as disclosed herein can provide efficiencies in thenetwork by reducing a time that a CPU core spends marshalling pointersto data structures, data packets, etc., between cores of the CPU. Forexample, hardware queue management as disclosed herein can improvesystem performance (e.g., network system performance, 5G systemperformance, etc.) related to handling network data across CPU cores byforegoing overhead of passing data structures and pointers from one CPUcore to another.

Queue management as disclosed herein can be implemented with hardwarequeue management that effectuates queue management in hardware. In somedisclosed examples, hardware queue management can be implemented by anexample hardware queue manager (HQM) or an HQM implemented as a DynamicLoad Balancer (DLB). For example, the HQM, when implemented as a DLB,can implement, effectuate, and/or otherwise execute dynamic loadbalancing functions, computing or processing tasks, etc. As used herein,the terms “hardware queue manager,” “hardware queueing manager,” and“HQM” are equivalent and used interchangeably. As used herein, the terms“dynamic load balancer,” and “DLB” are equivalent and usedinterchangeably, and refer to a load balancer (LB) implemented via anHQM.

In some disclosed examples, the HQM can enable pipelined packetprocessing and support hundreds of millions of queue management and loadbalancing operations per second for run-to-completion and pipelinednetwork processing approaches. Hardware queue management as disclosedherein can replace software queues (e.g., queues associated withsoftware queue management), especially software queues associated withmultiple producer CPU cores and/or multiple consumers CPU cores. As usedherein, the terms “producer core” and “producer CPU core” are usedinterchangeably and refer to a core that creates and/or otherwisegenerates an element (e.g., a queue element) to enqueue to the HQM. Asused herein, the terms “consumer core” and “consumer CPU core” are usedinterchangeably and refer to a core that acts on the result of a dequeuefrom the HQM.

Applications that use the example HQM as disclosed herein can benefitfrom an enhanced overall system performance via efficient workloaddistribution compared to software queue management, where one of themost typical usages of software queuing is load balancing. Typicalqueueing schemes can use CPU cores to distribute work, which burdens theCPU cores with queuing and reordering tasks, as opposed to using the CPUcores for high-value add worker core processing with hardware-basedqueue management built-in load balancing functionality, as disclosedherein. The example HQM as disclosed herein can remove directcore-to-core interactions and effectuate the load balancing in hardware.

Dimensioning refers to the process of allocating, distributing, and/orotherwise scheduling computing applications across an entire slice of acomputing network or system architecture. In some instances,dimensioning can be implemented in the computing network by deploying aproducer-consumer model. A producer (e.g., a data producer) can refer toan agent (e.g., a hardware agent, a software agent, etc.) that places atype of message onto a queue (e.g., a buffer, a computing queue, acomputing task queue, etc.). A consumer (e.g., a data consumer) canrefer to the same agent or a different agent that can remove the messagefrom the queue for processing. In some instances, the message can referto machine-readable data representative of one or more pointers (e.g.,one or more identifiers) that correspond to data in memory (e.g.,non-volatile memory, volatile memory, etc.) or other indications of acomputing task to be executed. Problems can arise when the producerattempts to add messages to a full queue or a consumer attempts toremove messages from an empty queue.

Prior techniques for deploying the producer-consumer model in MEC-basedapplications and data centers can include software that manage queuesincluding data to be executed by one or more cores (e.g., computingcores, hardware cores, processing cores, etc.) of a processor or othertype of processor circuitry. Such prior techniques can allocate (e.g.,statically allocate) the data to a core to be executed at random orwithout regard for an instant utilization of the core. For example,prior techniques can allocate incoming data to be processed to a corethat is experiencing a heavy computing workload thereby generating abottleneck in processing the incoming data due to an unavailability ofprocessing ability or bandwidth by the core. In such examples, theincoming data can correspond to an elephant or fat flow. In some suchexamples, a core can be assigned to a network interface controller (NIC)to receive data packets of the elephant flow from the NIC. The NIC canspray packets randomly via receive side scaling (RSS) thereby reducingbandwidth associated with the core and/or, more generally, a processorthat includes the core. As used herein, an elephant flow or fat flow isa single session, relatively long running network connection thatconsumes a large or disproportionate amount of bandwidth of a coreand/or, more generally, a processor that includes the core. The elephantor fat flow can be extremely large (in total bytes) or high in trafficvolume and extremely long in time or duration.

Accordingly, such prior techniques do not take into account resourceavailability, cost structures, etc., of computing resources in thecomputing architecture (e.g., the multi-core computing architecture)and, thus, can be impacted by lock latency, memory latency, cachebehaviors, polling multiple queues, etc., which can increase the timenecessary to process incoming data. Lock latency can occur in responseto a spinlock or a spinlock condition. A spinlock refers to a lock thata thread (e.g., a computing thread, a core thread, a hardware thread,etc.) attempts to acquire but waits in a loop (i.e., spins) whilerepeatedly checking to see if the lock is available. As the threadremains active but is not performing a useful task, the use of such alock is akin to busy waiting. Once acquired, spinlocks will usually beheld until they are explicitly released, although in someimplementations they may be automatically released if the thread beingwaited on (e.g., the thread which holds the lock) blocks, or enters asleep mode.

Spinlocks become wasteful if held for longer durations, as they mayprevent other threads from running and require rescheduling. The longera thread holds a lock, the greater the risk that the thread will beinterrupted by the operating system (OS) scheduler while holding thelock. If this happens, other threads will be left in a holding pattern(i.e., spinning) (e.g., repeatedly trying to acquire the lock), whilethe thread holding the lock is not making progress towards releasing it.The result is an indefinite postponement until the thread holding thelock can finish and release it. This is especially true on asingle-processor system, where each waiting thread of the same priorityis likely to waste its quantum (e.g., allocating time where a thread canrun) spinning until the thread that holds the lock is finally finished.

Examples disclosed herein include the HQM to improve load balancing andworkload distribution in computer network architectures, such asmulti-core computer network architectures. Examples disclosed hereinreduce and/or otherwise eliminate spinlock penalties. In some disclosedexamples, the HQM enables pipelined processing of data (e.g., datapackets in a cellular or other wireless network) between multipleproducers (e.g., producer cores) and multiple consumers (e.g., consumercores). A producer core can offload scheduling of computing tasks to theexample HQM to allocate a workload by the producer core to an availableconsumer core of a plurality of consumer cores. By offloading thescheduling to the example HQM, the producer core can become available toexecute high-value added core processing tasks. Advantageously, theexample HQM can remove direct core-to-core interactions and executescheduling and corresponding load balancing tasks in hardware.

In some disclosed examples, the HQM implements a load balancer (e.g., aDLB) to improve load balancing and workload distribution in computernetwork architectures. In such disclosed examples, the DLB can scale(e.g., dynamically scale) up a quantity of consumer cores used tofacilitate a distribution, transmission, and/or processing of anelephant flow to optimize and/or otherwise improve a throughput, a linerate, a bandwidth, etc., associated with the elephant flow. For example,the DLB can distribute the elephant flow based on a scheduling type(e.g., atomic scheduling, ordered scheduling, etc.) to one or moreconsumer cores, receive the processed elephant flow from the one or moreconsumer cores, and re-order and/or aggregate the processed elephantflow in preparation for distribution and/or transmission to differenthardware, a different logic entity, etc.

FIG. 1 is an illustration of an example multi-core computing environment100. The multi-core computing environment 100 includes an example deviceenvironment 102, an example edge network 104, an example core network106, and an example cloud network 107. In this example, the deviceenvironment 102 is a 5G device environment that facilitates theexecution of computing tasks using a wireless network, such as awireless network based on 5G (e.g., a 5G cellular network).

The device environment 102 includes example devices (e.g., computingdevices) 108, 110, 112, 114, 116. The devices 108, 110, 112, 114, 116include a first example device 108, a second example device 110, a thirdexample device 112, a fourth example device 114, and a fifth exampledevice 116. The first device 108 is a 5G Internet-enabled smartphone.Alternatively, the first device 108 may be a tablet computer, anInternet-enabled laptop, etc. The second device 110 is a vehicle (e.g.,a combustion engine vehicle, an electric vehicle, a hybrid-electricvehicle, etc.). For example, the second device 110 can be an electroniccontrol unit or other hardware included the vehicle, which, in someexamples, can be a self-driving, autonomous, or computer-assisteddriving vehicle.

The third device 112 is an aerial vehicle. For example, the third device112 can be a processor or other type of hardware included in an unmannedaerial vehicle (UAV) (e.g., an autonomous UAV, a human oruser-controlled UAV, etc.), such as a drone. The fourth device 114 is arobot. For example, the fourth device 114 can be a collaborative robotor other type of machinery used in assembly, lifting, manufacturing,etc., types of tasks.

The fifth device 116 is a healthcare associated device. For example, thefifth device 116 can be a computer server that stores and/or processeshealth care records. In other examples, the fifth device 116 can be amedical device, such as an infusion pump, magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) machine, a surgical robot, a vital sign monitoring device, etc. Insome examples, one or more of the devices 108, 110, 112, 114, 116 may bea different type of computing device, such as a server, a personalcomputer, a workstation, a self-learning machine (e.g., a neuralnetwork), a mobile device (e.g., a cell phone, a smart phone, a tabletsuch as an iPad™), a personal digital assistant (PDA), an Internetappliance, a DVD player, a CD player, a digital video recorder, aBlu-ray player, a gaming console, a personal video recorder, a set topbox, a headset or other wearable device, or any other type of computingdevice. In some examples, there may be fewer or more devices thandepicted in FIG. 1 .

The devices 108, 110, 112, 114, 116 and/or, more generally, the deviceenvironment 102, are in communication with the edge network 104 viafirst example networks 118. The first networks 118 are cellular networks(e.g., 5G cellular networks). For example, the first networks 118 can beimplemented by and/or otherwise facilitated by antennas, radio towers,etc., and/or a combination thereof. Additionally or alternatively, oneor more of the first networks 118 may be an Ethernet connection, adigital subscriber line (DSL) connection, a telephone line connection, acoaxial cable system, a satellite system, a line-of-site wirelesssystem, a cellular telephone system, etc., and/or a combination thereof.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 1 , the edge network 104 includes thefirst networks 118, example remote radio units (RRUs) 120, exampledistributed units (DUs) 122, and example centralized units (CUs) 124. Inthis example, the DUs 122 and/or the CUs 124 are multi-core computingsystems. For example, one or more of the DUs 122 and the CUs 124 caninclude a plurality of processors that each include a plurality of cores(e.g., processor cores). In such examples, the DUs 122 and/or the CUs124 are edge servers (e.g., 5G edge servers), such as multi-core edgeservers, that can effectuate the distribution of data flows (e.g.,communication flows, packet flows, a flow of one or more data packets,etc.) through the edge network 104 to a different destination (e.g., the5G device environment 102, the core network 106, etc.). In someexamples, fewer or more of the first networks 118, the RRUs 120, the DUs122, and/or the CUs 124 may be used than depicted in FIG. 1 .

In this example, the RRUs 120 are radio transceivers (e.g., remote radiotransceivers, also referred to as remote radio heads (RRHs)) in a radiobase station. For example, the RRUs 120 are hardware that can includeradio-frequency (RF) circuitry, analog-to-digital/digital-to-analogconverters, and/or up/down power converters that connects to a networkof an operator (e.g., a cellular operator or provider). In suchexamples, the RRUs 120 can convert a digital signal to RF, amplify theRF signal to a desired power level, and radiate the amplified RF signalin air via an antenna. In some examples, the RRUs 120 can receive adesired band of signal from the air via the antenna and amplify thereceived signal. The RRUs 120 are termed as remote because the RRUs 120are typically installed on a mast-top, or tower-top location that isphysically distant from base station hardware, which is often mounted inan indoor rack-mounted location or installation.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 1 , the RRUs 120 are coupled and/orotherwise in communication with a respective one of the DUs 122. In thisexample, the DUs 122 include hardware that implement real time Layer 1(L1) scheduling functions (e.g., physical layer control) and/or Layer 2(L2) scheduling functions (e.g., radio link control (RLC), medium accesscontrol (MAC), etc.). In this example, the CU 124 includes hardware thatimplements Layer 3 scheduling functions, such as packet data convergencecontrol (PDCP) and/or radio resource control (RRC) functions. In thisexample, a first one of the CUs 124 is a centralized unit control plane(CU-CP) and a second one of the CUs 124 is a centralized unit user plane(CU-UP).

In this example, at least one of one or more of the DUs 122 and/or oneor more of the CUs 124 implement a virtualized radio access network(vRAN). For example, one or more of the DUs 122 and/or one or more ofthe CUs 124 can execute, run, and/or otherwise implement virtualizedbaseband functions on vendor-agnostic hardware (e.g., commodity serverhardware) based on the principles of Network Functions Virtualization(NFV). NFV is a network architecture concept that uses the technologiesof infrastructure technology (IT) virtualization to virtualize entireclasses of network node functions into building blocks that may beconnected, or chained together, to create communication services.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 1 , first connection(s) between thefirst networks 118 and the RRUs 120 implement(s) the fronthaul of theedge network 104. Second connection(s) between the DUs 122 and the CUs124 implement(s) the midhaul of the edge network 104. Thirdconnection(s) between the CUs 124 and the core network 106 implement(s)the backhaul of the edge network 104.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 1 , the core network 106 includesexample core devices 126. In this example, the core devices 126 aremulti-core computing systems. For example, one or more of the coredevices 126 can include a plurality of processors that each include aplurality of cores (e.g., processor cores). For example, one or more ofthe core devices 126 can be servers (e.g., physical servers, virtualservers, etc., and/or a combination thereof). In such examples, one ormore of the core devices 126 can be implemented with the same hardwareas the DUs 122, the CUs 124, etc. In some examples, one or more of thecore devices 126 may be any other type of computing device.

The core network 106 is implemented by different logical layersincluding an example application layer 128, an example virtualizationlayer 130, and an example hardware layer 132. In some examples, the coredevices 126 are core servers. In some examples, the application layer128 or portion(s) thereof, the virtualization layer 130 or portion(s)thereof, or the hardware layer 132 or portion(s) thereof implement acore server. For example, a core server can be implemented by theapplication layer 128, the virtualization layer 130, and/or the hardwarelayer 132 associated with a first one of the core devices 126, a secondone of the cores devices 126, etc., and/or a combination thereof. Inthis example, the application layer 128 can implement business supportsystems (BSS), operations supports systems (OSS), 5G core (5GC) systems,Internet Protocol multimedia core network subsystems (IMS), etc., inconnection with operation of a telecommunications network, such as themulti-core computing environment 100 of FIG. 1 . In this example, thevirtualization layer 130 can be representative of virtualizations of thephysical hardware resources of the core devices 126, such asvirtualizations of processing resources (e.g., CPUs, graphics processingunits (GPUs), etc.), memory resources (e.g., non-volatile memory,volatile memory, etc.), storage resources (e.g., hard-disk drives,solid-state disk drives, etc.), network resources (e.g., NICs, gateways,routers, etc.)), etc. In this example, the virtualization layer 130 cancontrol and/or otherwise manage the virtualizations of the physicalhardware resources with a hypervisor that can run one or more virtualmachines (VMs) built and/or otherwise composed of the virtualizations ofthe physical hardware resources.

The core network 106 is in communication with the cloud network 107. Inthis example, the cloud network 107 can be a private or public cloudservices provider. For example, the cloud network 107 can be implementedusing virtual and/or physical hardware, software, and/or firmwareresources to execute computing tasks.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 1 , multiple example communicationpaths 134, 136, 138 are depicted including a first example communicationpath 134, a second example communication path 136, and a third examplecommunication path 138. In this example, the first communication path134 is a device-to-edge communication path that corresponds tocommunication between one(s) of the devices 108, 110, 112, 114, 116 ofthe 5G device environment 102 and one(s) of the first networks 118, RRUs120, DUs 122, and/or CUs 124 of the edge network 104. The secondcommunication path 136 is an edge-to-core communication path thatcorresponds to communication between one(s) of the first networks 118,RRUs 120, DUs 122, and/or CUs 124 of the edge network 104 and one(s) ofthe core devices 126 of the core network 106. The third communicationpath 138 is a device-to-edge-to-core communication path that correspondsto communication between one(s) of the devices 108, 110, 112, 114, 116and one(s) of the core devices 126 via one(s) of the first networks 118,RRUs 120, DUs 122, and/or CUs 124 of the edge network 104.

In some examples, bandwidth associated with the edge network 104 can bediminished, reduced, etc., in response to inefficient distribution ofworkloads (e.g., computing workloads) to a core of a processor (e.g., acore of a processor included in the DUs 122, the CUs 124, etc., and/or acombination thereof). For example, each of the DUs 122, the CUs 124,etc., can include at least one processor that includes a plurality ofcores (e.g., computing cores, processing cores, etc.). In some suchexamples, a NIC of the edge network 104 that is in communication withthe processor can distribute an elephant flow to a single core of theprocessor. In some such examples, the single core may require additionaltime to process the elephant flow. Advantageously, examples describedherein improve such distribution of workloads in the edge network 104and/or, more generally the multi-core computing environment 100 of FIG.1 , by dynamically scaling a quantity of cores assigned to an executionof an elephant flow.

FIG. 2 is an illustration of an example implementation of an examplemulti-core computing system 200 including an example processor 201including example dynamic load balancers (DLBs) 202. For example, themulti-core computing system 200 can implement one of the DUs 122, theCUs 124, the core devices 126, etc., of FIG. 1 . The multi-corecomputing system 200 includes an example producer core 204, an exampleconsumer core 206, example worker cores 208, example NICs 210, and anexample application (e.g., a firmware and/or software application) 212.

In example operation, the application 212 facilitates an example dataflow 214 to flow from an example input 216 to an example output 218. Inthis example, the data flow 214 is an elephant flow, a fat flow, etc.The application 212 directs the data flow 214 from the input 216 to theproducer core 204 via a first one of the NICs 210. Advantageously, themulti-core computing system 200 can process different sizes of datapackets associated with the data flow 214 of this example or a differentdata flow.

In example operation, one or more of the DLBs 202 can enqueue data(e.g., add and/or otherwise place an element, such as a queue element,onto a queue) from the producer core 204 and dequeue (e.g., remove anelement, such as a queue element, from a queue) the enqueued data toone(s) of the worker cores 208, such as a first worker core (W1), asecond worker core (W2), and/or a third worker core (W3) of the workercores 208. For example, the DLBs 202 can enqueue data from the producercore 204 and dequeue data to one(s) of the worker cores 208 via firstexample connections 220 represented by solid lines. In this example, theenqueued data and/or the dequeued data include data pointers (e.g.,identifiers, data identifiers, etc.), data references to data stored inmemory, etc. In response to obtaining the dequeued data, the one(s) ofthe worker cores 208 retrieve data packet(s) (or other data) of the dataflow 214 that are referenced and/or otherwise correspond to the dequeueddata from memory of the multi-core computing system 200. In response toobtaining the data packet(s), the one(s) of the worker cores 208 executea computing task, a computing operation, etc., associated with the datapacket(s). For example, the worker cores 208 can execute and/orotherwise process Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) tasks (e.g., anencryption task, a decryption task, etc.), deep packet inspection tasks,firewall tasks, etc.

In example operation, in response to executing the computing tasks, theone(s) of the worker cores 208 can enqueue the data pointerscorresponding to the processed data packet(s) to one(s) of the DLBs 202,which, in turn, dequeue the data pointers to the consumer core 206. Inresponse to dequeuing the data pointers from the one(s) of the DLBs 202,the consumer core 206 retrieves the corresponding processed datapacket(s). In response to retrieving the processed data packet(s), theconsumer core 206 can transmit the processed data packet(s) to theoutput 218 via a second one of the NICs 210 and/or the application 212.Although two instances of the NICs 210 are depicted in FIG. 2 ,alternatively the two instances may be combined into a single instanceand/or a different number of the NICs 210 may be used.

FIG. 3 is an illustration of a first example workflow 300 executed by anexample multi-core computing system 302 including an example DLB 304 toprocess an example data flow 306. For example, the multi-core computingsystem 302 can implement one of the DUs 122, the CUs 124, the coredevices 126, etc., of FIG. 1 . The multi-core computing system 302includes an example processor 308, which includes an example producercore 310, an example consumer core 312, and example worker cores 314,and example NICs 316. In some examples, the producer core 310 cancorrespond to the producer core 204 of FIG. 2 . In some examples, theconsumer core 312 can correspond to the consumer core 206 of FIG. 2 . Insome examples, one or more of the worker cores 314 can correspond toone(s) of the worker cores 208 of FIG. 2 .

In the illustrated example of FIG. 3 , the producer core 310 is areceiver (RX) core and the consumer core 312 is a transmitter (TX) core.In this example, although depicted separately, the producer core 310 andthe consumer core 312 are the same core, but represent differentfunctions (e.g., a receive data function or task, a transmit datafunction or task, etc.) executed by that same core. Alternatively, theproducer core 310 and the consumer core 312 may be different cores.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 3 , although two instances of the NIC316 are depicted, the two instances of the NIC 316 correspond to thesame NIC 316 in this example. For example, the NIC 316 can transmit datato the producer core 310 and the same NIC 316 can obtain data from theconsumer core 312. Alternatively, the two instances of the NIC 316 maybe separate NICs. In some examples, one or more of the NICs 316correspond to a NIC associated with the edge network 104 and/or the corenetwork 106 of FIG. 1 . In some examples, one or more of the NICs 316correspond to at least one of the NICs 210 of FIG. 2 .

In the illustrated example of FIG. 3 , although two instances of the DLB304 are depicted, the two instances of the DLB 304 correspond to thesame DLB 304 in this example. For example, the DLB 304 can be includedin the same processor 308 as the producer core 310 and the consumer core312. In such examples, the DLB 304 can enqueue data from the producercore 310 and the same DLB 304 can dequeue data to one(s) of the workercores 314. In some examples, more than one of the DLB 304 can be used.For example, a first instance of the DLB 304 can enqueue data from theproducer core 310 for a first data flow and a second instance of the DLB304 can enqueue data from the producer core 310 for a second data flow.

In the first workflow 300, during a first example operation 318, the NIC316 obtains the data flow 306 (e.g., an elephant flow) from a device(e.g., one(s) of the devices 108, 110, 112, 114, 116 of FIG. 1 ). Duringa second example operation 320, the producer core 310 obtains a datapacket of the data flow 306 and a pointer that corresponds to the datapacket from the NIC 316. During the second operation 320, the DLB 304associated with the producer core 310 enqueues the pointer. During thesecond operation 320, a first one of the worker cores 314 dequeues thepointer from the DLB 304 (e.g., from a queues included in the DLB 304).During a third example operation 322, the first one of the worker cores314 retrieves the data packet identified by the pointer and executes anoperation (e.g., a computing operation) of interest on the data packet.

During a fourth example operation 324 of the first workflow 300, the DLB304 enqueues the pointer from the first one of the worker cores 314 inresponse to the first one of the worker cores 314 completing theoperation on the data packet. During the fourth operation 324,responsive to the enqueuing, the DLB 304 re-orders and/or aggregates thepointer with other pointers corresponding to previously processed datapackets. During the fourth operation 324, the DLB 304 dequeues thepointer to the consumer core 312. During a fifth example operation 326,the consumer core 312 retrieves the processed data packet correspondingto the pointer and transmits the processed data packet to the NIC 316,which, in turn, transmits the processed data packet to differenthardware, firmware, and/or software.

Advantageously, the DLB 304 is NIC agnostic and can work and/orotherwise is compatible with a NIC from any NIC manufacturer.Advantageously, the processor 308 can offload scheduling tasks from theproducer core 310 to the DLB 304 when the load balancing effectuated bythe NIC 316 is not sufficient. Advantageously, the processor 308 can usethe DLB 304 to prevent core overloading, such as one or more of theworker cores 314 being utilized closer to an upper utilization limitwhile other one(s) of the worker cores 314 are idle and/or otherwise ina sleep or low-powered state. Advantageously, the DLB 304 providesbalanced workload core utilization by dequeuing pointers to availableone(s) of the worker cores 314 to process data packets of the data flow306. Advantageously, the DLB 304 and/or, more generally, the processor308, can support diverse workloads, data flows, etc., such as shortduration and small sized data flows, elephant flows, etc.Advantageously, the DLB 304 and/or, more generally, the processor 308,can process the diverse workloads, data flows, etc., to increase and/orotherwise maximize core utilization and improve Quality-of-Service (QoS)of the data flow 306.

FIG. 4 is an illustration of a second example workflow 400 based onordered scheduling executed by an example multi-core computing system402 to process an example data flow (FLOW 1) 404. In this example, themulti-core computing system 402 can correspond to one of the DUs 122,the CUs 124, the core devices 126, etc., of FIG. 1 . The multi-corecomputing system 402 includes an example processor 406. In this example,the processor 406 can correspond to the processor 308 of FIG. 3 . Inthis example, the processor 406 includes an example producer core (RXCORE) 408, an example DLB 410, example worker cores (CORE) 412, and anexample consumer core (TX CORE) 414.

For example, the producer core 408 can correspond to the producer core310 of FIG. 3 . The DLB 410 can correspond to the DLB 304 of FIG. 3 .The worker cores 412 can correspond to the worker cores 314 of FIG. 3 .The consumer core 414 can correspond to the consumer core 312 of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is an annotated illustration of the second workflow 400 executedby the multi-core computing system 402 of FIG. 4 based on orderedscheduling. In the second workflow 400, the producer core 408 obtainsthe data flow 404 from a data source, a flow source, etc., (e.g., theNIC 316 of FIG. 3 ). In this example, the data flow 404 is an elephantflow in cleartext. In other examples, the data flow 404 can be a dataflow, such as an elephant flow, in ciphertext or any other format.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 5 , the producer core 408 enqueuesdata pointers, data references, etc., corresponding to respective onesof data packets of the data flow 404 to the DLB 410. In this example,the producer core 408 generates and transmits an event (EVENT-DEV) tothe DLB 410. Responsive to the event, the DLB 410 can extract data fromthe event, such as a data pointer, that references and/or otherwiseidentifies the data flow 404, a data packet of the data flow 404, etc.,and/or a combination thereof.

The DLB 410 dynamically distributes packets to available one(s) of theworker cores 412. For example, the DLB 410 can distribute the enqueueddata pointers to available one(s) of the worker cores 412 based onordered scheduling. In such examples, the available one(s) of the workercores 412 can dequeue the data pointers from the DLB 410, retrieve datapackets that correspond to the dequeued data pointers, and completeoperation(s) on the retrieved data packets.

In some examples, the DLB 410 determines that one or more of the workercores 412 are available to execute a workload based on telemetry data(e.g., a core utilization percentage or parameter, bandwidth,throughput, etc.) associated with the one or more of the worker cores412. In such examples, the DLB 410 can use ordered queues. For example,the DLB 410 can use ordered queues when there are one or more producers(e.g., one or more producer cores) queueing up to communicate tomultiple consumers (e.g., consumer cores) with a requirement todynamically balance the workload across the multiple consumers and thento restore the original enqueue order.

During the second workflow 400, the available one(s) of the worker cores412 execute workload(s). For example, the workload(s) can correspond toan IPsec application and, thus, the available one(s) of the worker cores412 can authenticate, encrypt, and/or decrypt the data packets of thedata flow 404. Additionally or alternatively, the available one(s) ofthe worker cores 412 may execute any other type of computing task (e.g.,deep packet inspection, firewall functions or tasks, an ordering of bidsin an online or streaming auction, etc.).

During the second workflow 400, the available one(s) of the worker cores412 transmit, deliver, and/or otherwise provide data pointersidentifying the processed data packets to the DLB 410 for reorderingand/or aggregation. For example, the DLB 410 can reorder and/oraggregate data packets by reordering and/or aggregating the datapointers that correspond to the data packets. In response to thereordering and/or the aggregation of the data pointers, the DLB 410dequeues the reordered and/or aggregated data pointers to the consumercore 414 to cause the consumer core 414 to transmit the correspondingprocessed data packets for distribution, transmission, etc., todifferent hardware, firmware, software, and/or otherwise a differentlogic entity.

FIG. 6 is an illustration of a third example workflow 600 executed bythe multi-core computing system 402 of FIG. 4 based on atomicscheduling. For example, the DLB 410 can use atomic queues to enqueuedata pointers from the producer core 408 and/or dequeue data pointers tothe consumer core 414. In such examples, the DLB 410 uses atomic queueswhen one or more producers are queueing up to communicate to multipleconsumers with a requirement to balance a workload across the multipleconsumers with dynamic consumer affinity based on a flow identifier(e.g., a data flow identifier). For example, the producer core 408 canobtain example data flows (FLOW 1, 2, & 3) 602 from a producer (e.g.,the NIC 316 of FIG. 3 ) and the DLB 410 can assign a first flowidentifier (FLOW1), a second flow identifier (FLOW2), and a third flowidentifier (FLOW3) to a respective one of the data flows 602. In suchexamples, the DLB 410 can distribute the data flows 602, cause the dataflows 602 to be processed (e.g., by one(s) of the worker cores 412),re-order the data flows 602, and/or aggregate the data flows 602 basedon the first through third flow identifiers.

The illustrated example of FIG. 6 facilitates and/or otherwiseeffectuates consumers to operate on per-flow variables without usinglocks. Consumer affinity is dynamic. For example, the affinity betweenthe flow identifier and a given core (e.g., a producer core, a consumercore, etc.) moves dynamically as the flow identifier appears anddisappears from the multi-core computing system 402.

FIG. 7 is an illustration 700 of first example processing coreutilizations 702 in an example central processing unit (CPU) 704 incommunication with an example NIC 706. In this example, the CPU 704 doesnot include a DLB, such as the DLB 202 of FIG. 2 , the DLB 304 of FIG. 3, and/or the DLB 410 of FIGS. 4-6 . In this example, utilizations ofcores 708 of the CPU 704 are not balanced due to the lack of dynamic andscalable load balancing of prior processors. For example, the CPU 704can statically assign data to the cores 708 to process. In suchexamples, the utilizations of the cores 708 become unbalanced becausethe CPU 704 does not assign data to the cores 708 based on theutilizations of the cores 708.

FIG. 8 is an illustration 800 of second example processing coreutilizations 802 for an example CPU 804 in communication with an exampleNIC 806. In this example, the CPU 804 includes an example DLB 808. TheDLB 808 can correspond to and/or otherwise be an example implementationof the DLB 202 of FIG. 2 , the DLB 304 of FIG. 3 , and/or the DLB 410 ofFIGS. 4-6 . Advantageously, by utilizing the DLB 808 to facilitate theprocessing of data packets, utilizations of cores 810 of the CPU 804 aresubstantially balanced (e.g., each of the cores 810 are within aspecified tolerance or threshold utilization value of one or more of theother cores 810, the cores 810 have approximately the same utilizationwithin a tolerance (e.g., +/-1%, +/-2%, etc.). For example, theutilizations of the cores 810 become balanced in response to the DLB 808dynamically assigning data to the cores 810 based on at least theutilizations of the cores 810.

FIG. 9 is an illustration of example throughput 902 in a CPU 904including a core 906. For example, the CPU 904 may not include a DLB,such as the DLB 202 of FIG. 2 , the DLB 304 of FIG. 3 , the DLB 410 ofFIGS. 4-6 , and/or the DLB 808 of FIG. 8 . In this example, the CPU 904obtains a workload (FLOW1) 908 and assigns the core 906 to process theentire workload 908. As a result, the CPU 904 achieves the throughput902 of 60%, which falls short of a line rate 910 of 100%. In thisexample, the core 906 and/or, more generally, the CPU 904, operates at60% of the line rate 910.

FIG. 10 is an illustration 1000 of example throughput 1002 in an exampleCPU 1004 that includes a plurality of example worker cores 1006 and anexample DLB 1008. For example, the DLB 1008 can correspond to and/orotherwise be an example implementation of the DLB 202 of FIG. 2 , theDLB 304 of FIG. 3 , the DLB 410 of FIGS. 4-6 , and/or the DLB 808 ofFIG. 8 . In this example, the CPU 1004 obtains an example workload(FLOW1) 1010 and distributes the workload 1010 to one(s) of the workercores 1006 to process the workload 1010. Advantageously, the CPU 1004satisfies a throughput threshold (e.g., an example line rate 1012 of100%). In this example, the DLB 1008 causes the CPU 1004 to satisfy thethroughput threshold based on ordered scheduling. Additionally oralternatively, the DLB 1008 may use one or more other types ofscheduling such as atomic scheduling. Advantageously, the DLB 1008executes and/or otherwise processes the workload 1010 without spinlockpenalties.

FIGS. 11-13 are illustrations of static fixed core utilization. FIG. 11is an illustration of static fixed utilization in a CPU 1102 executingand/or otherwise effectuating an application 1104, such as an IPsecapplication (e.g., authentication, encryption, and/or decryption ofdata). For example, the CPU 1102 may not include a DLB, such as the DLB202 of FIG. 2 , the DLB 304 of FIG. 3 , the DLB 410 of FIGS. 4-6 , theDLB 808 of FIG. 8 , and/or the DLB 1008 of FIG. 10 . The CPU 1102includes a producer core (RX) 1106, a worker core (W1) 1108, and aconsumer core (TX) 1110.

FIG. 12 is an illustration 1200 of example processing core utilizations1202 associated with the CPU 1102 of FIG. 11 . In the examples of FIGS.11-12 , the producer core 1106 is a receive core because the producercore 1106 receives a workload from the NIC 1112. The producer core 1106executes software scheduling and distribution tasks by assigning asingle worker core (e.g., the worker core 1108) to process the entireworkload (e.g., executing the processing of the IPsec application). Inresponse to processing the entire workload, the worker core 1108 has arelatively high utilization and the remaining cores (e.g., Worker Core 2(W2), Worker Core 3 (W3), Worker Core 4 (W4), etc.) are idle. As aresult, the CPU 1102 achieves a throughput 1204 of 60% that falls shortof a line rate 1206 of 100%.

FIG. 13 is another illustration of static fixed core utilization in theCPU 1102 of FIG. 11 . The CPU 1102 may not include a DLB, such as theDLB 202 of FIG. 2 , the DLB 304 of FIG. 3 , the DLB 410 of FIGS. 4-6 ,the DLB 808 of FIG. 8 , and/or the DLB 1008 of FIG. 10 . In response toprocessing the entire workload, the worker core 1108 has a relativelyhigh utilization and the remaining cores (e.g., Worker Core 2 (W2),Worker Core 3 (W3), Worker Core 4 (W4), etc.) are idle. As a result, theCPU 1102 achieves a throughput that falls short of the line rate of100%.

FIGS. 14-15 are illustrations of dynamic scalable core utilization in anexample CPU 1402 that includes an example DLB 1404, such as the DLB 202of FIG. 2 , the DLB 304 of FIG. 3 , the DLB 410 of FIGS. 4-6 , the DLB808 of FIG. 8 , and/or the DLB 1008 of FIG. 10 . In this example, theCPU 1402 includes the DLB 1404 to effectuate dynamic scalableutilization of the CPU 1402 executing and/or otherwise effectuating anapplication 1406, such as an IPsec application (e.g., authentication,encryption, and/or decryption of data). The CPU 1402 includes a producercore (RX) 1408, worker cores (W1, W2, W3) 1410, and a consumer core (TX)1412. In this example, the CPU 1402 obtains a workload from a NIC 1414and distributes the workload to ones of the worker cores 1410 to processthe workload.

FIG. 15 is an illustration 1500 of example processing core utilizations1502 associated with the CPU 1402 of FIG. 14 . Advantageously, athroughput 1504 of the CPU 1402 satisfies a throughput threshold (e.g.,an example line rate 1506 of 100%) based on the dynamic and scalabledistribution of the workload to a plurality of the worker cores 1410. Inresponse to ones of the worker cores 1410 processing the workload, theones of the worker cores 1410 have relatively low utilizations and asubstantially similar utilization to each other. Advantageously, the CPU1402 achieves the throughput 1504 of 100% as depicted in the example ofFIG. 15 .

FIG. 16 is an illustration of dynamic scalable core utilization in theCPU 1402 of FIG. 14 that includes the DLB 1404. Although in FIG. 16 theDLB 1404 is depicted as having multiple instances, there is only one DLB1404 in operation. For example, a single instance of the DLB 1404 canenqueue workloads from the producer core 1408 and dequeue the workloadsto the worker cores 1410. In such examples, the DLB 1404 can enqueue thecompleted workloads from the worker cores 1410 and dequeue the completedworkloads to the consumer core 1412. In some examples, more than oneinstance of the DLB 1404 may be used to improve scheduling anddistribution of workloads.

The producer core 1408 executes hardware scheduling and distributiontasks by assigning multiple available ones of the worker cores 1410 toprocess the workload (e.g., execute the processing of the application1406). In response to processing the workload with multiple ones of theworker cores 1410, the utilized ones of the worker cores 1410 haverelatively low utilizations that are substantially similar to eachother. Advantageously, the CPU 1402 achieves a throughput 1204 of 100%that meets and/or otherwise satisfies a desired or intended line rate of100%.

FIG. 17 is a table 1700 depicting example throughput parameters (e.g.,packet size in bytes, line rate in millions of packets per second(mpps), processed packets in mpps, etc.) based on a CPU with and withoutthe DLB 202 of FIG. 2 , the DLB 304 of FIG. 3 , the DLB 410 of FIGS. 4-6, the DLB 808 of FIG. 8 , the DLB 1008 of FIG. 10 , and/or the DLB 1404of FIG. 14 . In this example, for a packet size of 512 bytes, a CPUwithout a DLB, such as the CPU 1102 of FIG. 11 , can process 3.19 mppsfor a throughput of 60%. Advantageously, a CPU that includes a DLB, suchas the CPU 1402 of FIG. 14 , can process more packets per second and/orhave a higher throughput compared to the CPU that does not include theDLB. Advantageously, as demonstrated by data set forth in the table 1700of FIG. 17 , the DLB can increase the throughput from 44% to 89% to 100%by increasing the number of worker cores allocated to process aworkload, such as executing an IPsec application, effectuating astreaming online auction, etc.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of an example DLB 1800. In some examples, theDLB 1800 of FIG. 18 is an example implementation of the DLB 202 of FIG.2 , the DLB 304 of FIG. 3 , the DLB 410 of FIGS. 4-6 , the DLB 808 ofFIG. 8 , the DLB 1008 of FIG. 10 , and/or the DLB 1404 of FIG. 14 . TheDLB 1800 includes an example configuration controller 1810, an exampleevent controller 1820, an example queue controller 1830, an examplereorder controller 1840, an example aggregation controller 1850, anexample arbitration controller 1860, an example telemetry controller1870, and example storage 1880.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 18 , the DLB 1800 includes theconfiguration controller 1810 to adjust, modify, and/or otherwisecontrol a configuration of the DLB 1800. For example, the configurationcontroller 1810 can configure one or more components (e.g., hardware,firmware, and/or software components), elements (e.g., hardware,firmware, and/or software elements), etc., of the DLB 1800. In someexamples, the configuration controller 1810 adjusts a configuration ofthe DLB 1800 into a DLB. For example, the configuration controller 1810can invoke the DLB 1800 to execute, perform, and/or otherwise effectuateload balance operations associated with a multi-core computing system(e.g., the multi-core computing system 200, 302, 402 of FIGS. 2-6 ).

In some examples, the configuration controller 1810 configures hardwareor portion(s) thereof of the DLB 1800, such as at least one of producerport(s), reorder logic, queue(s) (e.g., storage queue(s)), arbiter(s) orarbiter logic, etc. For example, the configuration controller 1810 canconfigure a producer port of the DLB 1800 as a direct port, a loadbalanced port, etc. In other examples, the configuration controller 1810can configure a queue as a direct queue, an unordered queue, an orderedqueue, an atomic queue, etc. In yet other examples, the configurationcontroller 1810 can configure an arbiter as a first stage arbiter, asecond stage arbiter, etc.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 18 , the DLB 1800 includes the eventcontroller 1820 to identify an event and facilitate the execution ofcomputing tasks associated with the event. For example, the eventcontroller 1820 can receive an event (EVENT_DEV). Responsive to theevent, the event controller 1820 can extract data from the event, suchas a data pointer, that references and/or otherwise identifies a dataflow, a data packet of the data flow, etc., and/or a combinationthereof.

In some examples, the event controller 1820 implements front-end logic(e.g., front-end logic circuitry) of the DLB 1800 that can interfacewith a NIC, a producer core, etc. In some examples, the event controller1820 can identify the data flow as an elephant flow, a fat flow, etc.,based on the event. For example, the event controller 1820 can identifyan incoming elephant flow from a NIC and invoke the queue controller1830 and/or, more generally, the DLB 1800, to begin processing computingtasks associated with the incoming elephant flow, such as identifyingqueues to store data pointers, identifying available one(s) of workercores, etc., and/or a combination thereof.

In some examples, the event controller 1820 invokes an action inconnection with an event based on information associated with the event.For example, the event controller 1820 can obtain a data pointerincluded in data associated with the event, included in the event, etc.The event controller 1820 can inspect the event to determine a priorityof the data packet, whether the data packet is associated with a knowndata flow, etc. In response to an inspection of the event, the eventcontroller 1820 can invoke an action such as directing one of theproducer ports to transmit the data pointer to reorder logic, to one ofthe queues of the DLB, from one of the queues to either a first stagearbiter or a second stage arbiter, etc., and/or a combination thereof.

In some examples, the event controller 1820 packs multiple QEs into acache line for mesh bandwidth efficiency. For example, the eventcontroller 1820 can generate a first 16B QE (e.g., a 16B HCW asdescribed below in FIG. 35 ) based on a first event, a second 16B QEbased on a second event, etc. In such examples, the event controller1820 can pack and/or otherwise assemble four of the 16B QEs into 64Bcache lines (e.g., a 64B storage unit). In response to filling the 64Bcache lines, the event controller 1820 can execute a memory instruction.For example, the event controller 1820 can execute a LFENCE, a MFENCE, aSFENCE, etc., instruction to move the 64B cache lines into a queuemaintained by the queue controller 1830. In some examples, the eventcontroller 1820 executes a move data instruction. For example, the eventcontroller 1820 can execute the move data instruction by moving a doublequadword from a source operand to a destination operand using a MOVDQAinstruction.

In some examples, the event controller 1820 manages and/or otherwisecontrols a hardware-based crediting scheme, a software-based creditingscheme, a token management scheme, etc., and/or a combination thereof.For example, the event controller 1820 can identify a data source (e.g.,a NIC, a core, a network, etc.) of the data pointer (e.g., theidentifier) based on data stored in the event. In such examples, theevent controller 1820 can determine whether the data source has aproducer credit. In some examples, the queue controller 1830 enqueuesthe data pointer to the queue in response to the event controller 1820determining that the data source has the producer credit. In suchexamples, the event controller 1820 can deduct the producer credit froma number of producer credits associated with the data source in responseto the enqueuing. In some such examples, the number of producer creditsare stored in system or main memory. In some examples, in response tothe distribution of the data packet associated with the data pointer,the event controller 1820 adds the producer credit to the number of theproducer credits.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 18 , the DLB 1800 includes the queuecontroller 1830 to control queue operations such as enqueueing data froma producer core and/or dequeuing data to a worker core. In someexamples, the queue controller 1830 generates, maintains, and/orotherwise operates a queue stored in the DLB 1800 for schedulingcomputing tasks, operations, etc., associated with an application, suchas an IPsec application, an online auction application, etc. Forexample, the queue controller 830 can enqueue data from the producercore 310 of FIG. 3 , dequeue data to ones of the worker cores 314 ofFIG. 3 , enqueue data from the ones of the worker cores 314, and/ordequeue data to the consumer core 312 of FIG. 3 .

In some examples, the queue controller 1830 obtains data pointers fromthe event controller 1820, the reorder controller 1840 etc., and storesthe data pointers into a tail pointer of a queue. In some examples, thequeue controller 1830 transmits the data pointers to the arbitrationcontroller 1860. In some examples, the queue controller 1830 invokes thearbitration controller 1860 to obtain the data pointers from a headpointer of a queue. In some examples, the queue controller 1830implements a hardware-managed queue stored in the DLB 1800.

In some examples, the queue controller 1830 configures a queue toprocess a queue operation. For example, the queue controller 1830 canconfigure a queue to be an unordered queue, an ordered queue, an atomicqueue, etc. In some examples, the queue controller 1830 generatesidentifiers (e.g., flow identifiers, data flow identifiers, queueidentifiers, etc.) to facilitate the execution of workloads of interest.

In some examples, the queue controller 1830 configures a queue to be anunordered queue in response to one or more producers queueing up tocommunicate to multiple consumers with a requirement to balance aworkload across the multiple consumers (e.g., without dynamic consumeraffinity). For example, the queue controller 1830 can implement theunordered queue as a first-in first-out (FIFO) queue, a last-infirst-out (LIFO) queue, etc.

In some examples, the queue controller 1830 configures a queue as anordered queue in response to one or more producers queueing up tocommunicate to multiple consumers with a requirement to dynamicallybalance the work across the multiple consumers and then to restore theoriginal enqueue order. For example, the queue controller 1830 canimplement the ordered queue as a queue based on ordered tracking. Insuch examples, data can be processed out-of-order of an originalsequence but can later be reordered into the original sequence by thereorder controller 1840.

In some examples, the queue controller 1830 configures a queue as anatomic queue in response to one or more of the producers queueing up tocommunicate to multiple consumers with a requirement to balance aworkload across the multiple consumers with dynamic consumer affinitybased on a flow identifier. Advantageously, the queue controller 1830configuring the queue as an atomic queue effectuates the consumers tooperate on per-flow variables without using locks. Consumer affinity isdynamic. For example, the affinity between the flow identifier and agiven core (e.g., a producer core, a worker core, a consumer core, etc.)moves dynamically as the flow identifier appears and disappears from themulti-core computing system.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 18 , the DLB 1800 includes thereorder controller 1840 to control data reordering operations associatedwith a workload. For example, the reorder controller 1840 can execute areordering operation in connection with obtained and/or otherwisereceived events. In some examples, the reorder controller 1840 canreorder processed data obtained from a worker core, such as one of theworker cores 412 of FIG. 4 . For example, the reorder controller 1840can obtain unordered data and order the unordered data based on anidentifier (e.g., a queue identifier, a flow identifier, etc.)associated with the unordered data.

In some examples, the reorder controller 1840 generates, maintains,and/or otherwise operates a buffer (e.g., a reorder buffer) to storeenqueued data prior to moving the enqueued data to a different queue.For example, the reorder controller 1840 can reorder data packets thathave been processed separately and/or out-of-order into a single streamfor a subsequent task (e.g., a reception or transmission of the stream).In such examples, the reorder controller 1840 can reorder the datapackets by reordering the corresponding data pointers. In some examples,the reorder controller 1840 implements reorder logic, such as reorderlogic circuitry.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 18 , the DLB 1800 includes theaggregation controller 1850 to control data aggregation operationsassociated with a workload. In some examples, the aggregation controller1850 can aggregate processed data obtained from a worker core, such asone of the worker cores 412 of FIG. 4 . For example, the aggregationcontroller 1850 can obtain data from the worker cores 412 and packagethe obtained data into a compiled data stream ready for transmission todifferent hardware, software, and/or firmware.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 18 , the DLB 1800 includes thearbitration controller 1860 to facilitate processing of events based onpriority. In some examples, the event controller 1820 can determine thatan event is associated with one or more data packets having a priorityvalue. In such examples, the event controller 1820 can determine thatone or more data pointers included in the event that correspond to theone or more data packets have the priority value. In some such examples,the arbitration controller 1860 can retrieve the one or more datapointers from a queue based on the priority value. For example, thearbitration controller 1860 can implement a multiple-stage priorityarbiter, where the one or more data pointers can be directed to one ormore stages of the multiple-stage priority arbiter based on the priorityvalue associated with the event. In some examples, the arbitrationcontroller 1860 implements a first stage arbiter, a second stagearbiter, etc.

In some examples, the arbitration controller 1860 allocates one or morecores to dequeue identifiers from the queue (e.g., from one of thequeues 2214 of FIG. 22 ) in response to the throughput parameter notsatisfying a throughput threshold. In such examples, responsive to theallocation, the arbitration controller 1860 can cause the one or morecores to execute one or more operations on data packets, whichcorrespond to the dequeued identifiers.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 18 , the DLB 1800 includes thetelemetry controller 1870 to obtain telemetry data and determinetelemetry parameters based on the obtained telemetry data. In someexamples, the telemetry controller 1870 obtains telemetry data from acore of a multi-core processor, such as the producer core 408, one(s) ofthe worker cores 412, the consumer core 414, etc., of FIGS. 4-6 . Forexample, the telemetry controller 1870 can obtain telemetry data from acore, such as bandwidth, idle time, latency, throughput, utilization,etc., and/or a combination thereof of the core.

In some examples, the telemetry controller 1870 determines a telemetryparameter based on the telemetry data. For example, the telemetrycontroller 1870 can determine a first telemetry parameter, such as acore utilization parameter, based on utilization telemetry data from thecore. In such examples, the core utilization parameter is a utilizationpercentage of the core, which is indicative of an availability of thecore to execute a workload. In some such examples, the telemetrycontroller 1870 can obtain utilization telemetry data from one of theworker cores 412, determine a core utilization parameter of 10%, anddetermine that the core is underutilized because the core is only 10%utilized. In some such examples, the telemetry controller 1870 canidentify the one of the worker cores 412 as available to receive aworkload based on the core utilization parameter. For example, thetelemetry controller 1870 can identify the one of the worker cores 412as available to receive the workload based on the core utilizationparameter of 10% being less than a core utilization threshold of 20%,30%, etc., thereby satisfying the core utilization threshold.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 18 , the DLB 1800 includes thestorage 1880 to record and/or otherwise store data. For example, thestorage 1880 can store configuration data or information (e.g., aconfiguration of the DLB 1800, a configuration of a queue, etc.), acredit count or total (e.g., a hardware credit, a software credit, atotal number of used or unused credits, etc.), a data pointer, a dataqueue, event data or information, an identifier (e.g., a flowidentifier, a queue identifier, etc.), telemetry data or information,etc. The storage 1880 can be implemented by a volatile memory (e.g., aSynchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM), Dynamic Random AccessMemory (DRAM), RAMBUS Dynamic Random Access Memory (RDRAM), etc.) and/ora non-volatile memory (e.g., flash memory). The storage 1880 mayadditionally or alternatively be implemented by one or more double datarate (DDR) memories, such as DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4, mobile DDR (mDDR),etc. The storage 1880 may additionally or alternatively be implementedby one or more mass storage devices such as hard disk drive(s), compactdisk drive(s), digital versatile disk drive(s), solid-state diskdrive(s), etc. While in the illustrated example the storage 1880 isillustrated as a single instance of storage, the storage 1880 may beimplemented by any number and/or type(s) of storage. Furthermore, thedata stored in the storage 1880 may be in any data format such as, forexample, binary data, comma delimited data, tab delimited data,structured query language (SQL) structures, etc.

While an example manner of implementing a DLB, such as the DLB 202 ofFIG. 2 , the DLB 304 of FIG. 3 , the DLB 410 of FIGS. 4-6 , the DLB 808of FIG. 8 , the DLB 1008 of FIG. 10 , and/or the DLB 1404 of FIG. 14 ,is illustrated in FIG. 18 , one or more of the elements, processesand/or devices illustrated in FIG. 18 may be combined, divided,rearranged, omitted, eliminated and/or implemented in any other way.Further, the example configuration controller 1810, the example eventcontroller 1820, the example queue controller 1830, the example reordercontroller 1840, the example aggregation controller 1850, the examplearbitration controller 1860, the example telemetry controller 1870, theexample storage 1880 and/or, more generally, the example DLB 1800 ofFIG. 18 may be implemented by hardware, software, firmware and/or anycombination of hardware, software and/or firmware. Thus, for example,any of the example configuration controller 1810, the example eventcontroller 1820, the example queue controller 1830, the example reordercontroller 1840, the example aggregation controller 1850, the examplearbitration controller 1860, the example telemetry controller 1870, theexample storage 1880 or, more generally, the example DLB 1800 could beimplemented by one or more analog or digital circuit(s), logic circuits,programmable processor(s), programmable controller(s), GPU(s), digitalsignal processor(s) (DSP(s)), application specific integrated circuit(s)(ASIC(s)), programmable logic device(s) (PLD(s)) and/or fieldprogrammable logic device(s) (FPLD(s)). When reading any of theapparatus or system claims of this patent to cover a purely softwareand/or firmware implementation, at least one of the exampleconfiguration controller 1810, the example event controller 1820, theexample queue controller 1830, the example reorder controller 1840, theexample aggregation controller 1850, the example arbitration controller1860, the example telemetry controller 1870, and/or the example storage1880 is/are hereby expressly defined to include a non-transitorycomputer readable storage device or storage disk such as a memory, adigital versatile disk (DVD), a compact disk (CD), a Blu-ray disk, etc.including the software and/or firmware. Further still, the example DLB202 of FIG. 2 , the example DLB 304 of FIG. 3 , and/or the example DLB410 of FIGS. 4-6 may include one or more elements, processes and/ordevices in addition to, or instead of, those illustrated in FIG. 18 ,and/or may include more than one of any or all of the illustratedelements, processes and devices. As used herein, the phrase “incommunication,” including variations thereof, encompasses directcommunication and/or indirect communication through one or moreintermediary components, and does not require direct physical (e.g.,wired) communication and/or constant communication, but ratheradditionally includes selective communication at periodic intervals,scheduled intervals, aperiodic intervals, and/or one-time events.

FIG. 19 is an illustration of an example producer and consumerscheduling system 1900 executed using an example DLB 1902. In thisexample, the DLB 1902 is hardware. For example, the DLB 1902 can beimplemented by circuitry, such as one or more analog or digitalcircuit(s), logic circuits, programmable processor(s), programmablecontroller(s), GPU(s), DSP(s), ASIC(s), PLD(s), and/or FPLD(s). In suchexamples, the DLB 1902 can be implemented by hardware, software,firmware and/or any combination of hardware, software and/or firmware.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 19 , the system 1900 includes the DLB1902, example producers 1904, and example consumers 1906. In thisexample, the producers 1904 are cores (e.g., producer cores) of amulti-core processor, such as ones of the producer core 408 of theprocessor 406 of FIGS. 4-6 . In this example, the consumers 1906 arecores (e.g., consumer cores) of a multi-core processor, such as ones ofthe consumer core 414 of the processor 406 of FIGS. 4-6

In the illustrated example of FIG. 19 , the DLB 1902 includes exampleenqueue logic 1908 to obtain data (e.g., a data pointer) from theproducers 1904 and store the data in one or more example queues 1910stored in example memory 1912 of the DLB 1902. In this example, thequeues 1910 implement a storage queue (e.g., an internal storage queue,an internal store queue, etc.). In this example, the DLB 1902 includesexample dequeue logic 1914 to retrieve the data from the queues 1910 andprovide the retrieved data to the consumers 1906 to execute a computingtask in connection with the data.

In this example, the enqueue logic 1908 and/or the dequeue logic 1914is/are hardware. For example, the enqueue logic 1908 and/or the dequeuelogic 1914 can be implemented by one or more analog or digitalcircuit(s), logic circuits, programmable processor(s), programmablecontroller(s), GPU(s), DSP(s), ASIC(s), PLD(s), and/or FPLD(s). In suchexamples, the enqueue logic 1908 and/or the dequeue logic 1914 can beimplemented using purpose-built gates to facilitate computing tasks inconnection with the data identified by the producer 1904.

In some examples, the enqueue logic 1908 and/or the dequeue logic 1914can be implemented by hardware, software, firmware and/or anycombination of hardware, software and/or firmware. Advantageously, byreplacing enqueuing functions typically implemented in software with theenqueue logic 1908 and/or replacing dequeuing functions typicallyimplemented in software with the dequeue logic 1914, the DLB 1902 canfacilitate performance gains of the system 1900 by freeing core cyclesto do different computing tasks, facilitating lock-free access,reduction in polling, reducing an impact of memory and cachingbehaviors, facilitating high-queuing throughput, and achieving improvedload balance across the consumers 1906.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 19 , the queues 1910 are protected bycredits, or a credit-based protection schema. In some examples, theproducers 1904 must have a credit, a token, etc., available prior toperforming an enqueue (e.g., an enqueue operation, an enqueue task,etc.) to the DLB 1902. In response to the DLB 1902 executing theenqueue, a credit count associated with the enqueueing one of theproducers 1904 is decremented. For example, the producer 1904 candecrement a local credit count maintained by the producer 1904 or adifferent entity. In such examples, the DLB 1902 maintains track of thecredits and updates a per-producer available credit count in the memory1912 or main or system memory (e.g., memory external to the DLB 1902),which the producer 1904 can read to replenish the local credit count ofthe producer 1904.

In some examples, each of the producers 1904 have two sets of credits. Afirst set of credits can correspond to directed credits for enqueuing todirected queues. A second set of credits can correspond to load-balancedcredits for enqueueing to load-balanced queues. Directed queues andload-balanced queues are described below in further detail in connectionwith FIG. 24 and/or FIGS. 25A-25D.

In some examples, the DLB 1902 uses control registers to map each of thequeues 1910 to one or more of the consumers 1906. The DLB 1902 canexamine, determine, and/or otherwise analyze a state of the queues 1910and select a queue element (QE) stored in one of the queues 1910 fordequeue. For each of the consumers 1906, the DLB 1902 can write a smallring in the memory 1912 of the dequeued QE. In such examples, the ringcan be implemented as a fixed-size FIFO with data stored in order inadjacent memory locations (e.g., no next data pointers).

Advantageously, by writing the small ring in the memory 1912 of thedequeued QE, the DLB 1902 can improve dequeue latency observed by theconsumer 1906. The consumer 1906 can own a head pointer of the queues1910 while the DLB 1902 can own a tail pointer of the queues 1910 asboth the consumer 1906 and the DLB 1902 know a range of base addresses,lengths, etc., of the queues 1910.

FIG. 20 is an illustration of one of the DLBs of FIGS. 2-6, 18, and/or19 facilitating a scheduling of computing tasks across a multi-corecomputing architecture with a first example hardware queue scheduling ormanagement system 2000 including an example DLB 2002. For example, theDLB 2002 can be an example implementation of the DLB 1800 of FIG. 18and/or the DLB 1902 of FIG. 19 .

In the illustrated example of FIG. 20 , the first hardware queuescheduling system 2000 includes example producer cores 2004 and exampleconsumer cores 2006. In this example, the DLB 2002 is in communicationwith the producer cores 2004 and the consumer cores 2006. In exampleoperation, the producer cores 2004 enqueue data to the DLB 2002 bywriting an event (e.g., a queue event, EVENT DEV, etc.) to a producerport address in a memory-mapped I/O (MMIO) space of the DLB 2002 (e.g.,in the memory 1912 of FIG. 19 ).

In this example, the DLB 2002 uses an incoming QE to map to an examplequeue (e.g., internal queue) 2008. The DLB 2002 maps the incoming QE toa tail (e.g., an end) of the queue 2008. In some examples, the QE can bebuffered in an example order buffer 2010 waiting for previously orderedQEs (e.g., QEs associated with the incoming QE) to arrive and/orotherwise be enqueued at the producer ports.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 20 , example arbiters 2012, 2014schedule computing tasks by mapping data in a head (e.g., a beginning)of the queue 2008 to example consumer queues 2016. For example, thearbiters 2012, 2014 can determine scheduling inputs to include states ofthe internal queue 2008. In some examples, each of the arbiters 2012,2014 can select one QE per round (e.g., a schedule round) to dequeue andsend to a selected or identified one of the consumer queues 2016. Inthis example, the consumer queues 2016 dequeue the QEs stored in theconsumer queues 2016 to the consumer cores 2006 by polling the consumercores 2006, generating a hardware interrupt, etc.

FIG. 21 is an illustration of one of the DLBs of FIGS. 2-6, 18, 19,and/or 20 facilitating a scheduling of computing tasks across amulti-core computing architecture with a second example hardware queuescheduling or management system 2100 including a first example DLB 2102and a second example DLB 2104. For example, the first DLB 2102 and thesecond DLB 2104 can be an example implementation of the DLB 1800 of FIG.18 , the DLB 1902 of FIG. 19 , and/or the DLB 2002 of FIG. 20 .

In the illustrated example of FIG. 21 , the second hardware queuescheduling system 2100 includes a first example producer cores 2106 andsecond example producer cores 2108 that are in communication with arespective one of the DLBs 2102, 2104. In this example, first exampleconsumer cores 2110 and second example consumer cores 2112 are incommunication with a respective one of the DLBs 2102, 2104. In someexamples, fewer or more than the DLBs 2102, 2104 and/or fewer or morethan the producer cores 2106, 2108 and/or consumer cores 2110, 2112depicted in FIG. 21 may be used. In this example, there is nocross-device arbitration (e.g., DEVICE 0 does not arbitrate for DEVICEN), however, in other examples, there may be cross-device arbitration.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 21 , the DLBs 2102, 2104 correspondto a hardware-managed system of queues and arbiters that link theproducer cores 2106, 2108 and the consumer cores 2110, 2112. In someexamples, one or both DLBs 2102, 2104 can be a peripheral componentinterconnect (PCI) or PCI express (PCI-E) device in a hardwareprocessor. For example, one or both DLBs 2102, 2104 can be anaccelerator (e.g., a hardware accelerator) included either in a hardwareprocessor or in communication with the hardware processor.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 21 , each of the DLBs 2102, 2104includes example reorder logic 2114, example queueing logic 2116, andexample arbitration logic 2118. In this example, the reorder logic 2114,the queuing logic 2116, and/or the arbitration logic 2118 are hardware.In some examples, the reorder logic 2114, the queuing logic 2116, and/orthe arbitration logic 2118 can be implemented by hardware, software,firmware and/or any combination of hardware, software and/or firmware.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 20 , the reorder logic 2114 canobtain data from one or more of the producer cores 2106, 2108 andfacilitate reordering operations. For example, the reorder logic 2114can inspect a data pointer from one of the producer cores 2106, 2108. Insuch examples, the data pointer can be associated with a data packet ofa data flow. In some such examples, the reorder logic 2114 can determinethat the data pointer is associated with a known sequence or data flow.In some examples, the producer cores 2106 can enqueue the data pointerwith the queueing logic 2116 because the data pointer is not associatedwith a known data flow and may not be needed to be reordered and/orotherwise processed by the reorder logic 2114.

In some examples, the reorder logic 2114 stores the data pointer andother data pointers associated with data packets in the known data flowin a buffer (e.g., the order buffer 2010 of FIG. 20 ) until a portion ofor an entirety of the data pointers in connection with the known dataflow are obtained and/or otherwise identified. The reorder logic 2114can transmit the data pointers to one or more of the queues maintainedby the queueing logic 2116 to maintain an order of the known data flow.For example, the queues can store the data pointers as QEs.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 21 , the queueing logic 2116implements a plurality of queues or buffers to store data pointers orother information. In some examples, the queueing logic 2116 transmitsdata pointers when an entirety of the queue(s) is/are full. In someexamples, the queueing logic 2116 transmits data pointers from one ormore of the queues to the arbitration logic 2118 on an asynchronous orsynchronous basis.

In this example, the arbitration logic 2118 is configured to perform anarbitration by selecting a given one of the consumer cores 2110, 2112.For example, the arbitration logic 2118 implements one or more arbiters,sets of arbitration logic (e.g., first arbitration logic, secondarbitration logic, etc.), etc., where each of the one or more arbiters,each of the sets of arbitration logic, etc., can correspond to arespective one of the consumer cores 2110, 2112. In some examples, thearbitration logic 2118 is based on consumer readiness (e.g., a consumercore having space available for an execution or completion of a task),task availability, etc. In this example, the arbitration logic 2118transmits and/or otherwise facilitates a passage of data pointers fromthe queueing logic 2116 to example consumer queues 2120.

In this example, the consumer cores 2110, 2112 are in communication withthe consumer queues 2120 to obtain data pointers for subsequentprocessing. In some examples, a length (e.g., a data length) of one ormore of the consumer queues 2120 are programmable and/or otherwiseconfigurable. In some examples, the DLBs 2102, 2104 generate aninterrupt (e.g., a hardware interrupt) to one of the consumer cores2110, 2112 in response to a status, a change in status, etc., of theconsumer queues 2120. Responsive to the interrupt, the one of theconsumer cores 2110, 2112 can retrieve the data pointer(s) from theconsumer queues 2120.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 21 , the DLBs 2102, 2104 can check astatus (e.g., full, not full, not empty, etc.) of the consumer queues2120. The DLBs 2102, 2104 can track fullness of the consumer queues 2120by observing enqueues on an associated producer port of the DLBs 2102,2104. For example, in response to each enqueueing, the DLBs 2102, 2104can determine that a corresponding one of the consumer cores 2110, 2112has completed work on a QE and, thus, a location of the QE is nowavailable in the queues maintained by the queuing logic 2116. Forexample, a format of the QE can include a bit that is indicative whethera consumer queue token, which can represent a location of the QE in theconsumer queues 2120, is being returned. In some examples, new enqueuesthat are not completions of prior dequeues do not return consumer queuetokens because there is no associated entry in the consumer queues 2120.

FIG. 22 is an illustration of one of the DLBs of FIGS. 2-6, 18, 19, 20,and/or 21 to facilitate a scheduling of computing tasks across amulti-core computing architecture with a third example hardware queuescheduling or management system 2200 including an example DLB 2202. Forexample, the DLB 2202 can be an example implementation of the DLB 1800of FIG. 18 , the DLB 1902 of FIG. 19 , the DLB 2002 of FIG. 20 , and/orthe DLB 2102, 2104 of FIG. 21 .

In the illustrated example of FIG. 22 , the DLB 2202 includes exampleenqueue logic 2204. For example, the enqueue logic 2204 can be anexample implementation of the enqueue logic 1908 of FIG. 19 . In thisexample, the DLB 2202 is in communication with example producer threads2206 and example consumer threads 2208. In this example, the producerthreads 2206 and/or the consumer threads 2208 are software threads. Insome examples, one or more of the producer threads 2206 and/or theconsumer threads 2208 may be hardware threads and/or firmware threads.The producer threads 2206 write hardware control words (HCWs) to exampleproducer ports (PP) 2210. In this example, an HCW is data in HCW formatdescribed below in connection with FIG. 35 . For example, an HCW caninclude a queue element (QE) to be enqueued on the producer ports 2210.

In some examples, the HCW can return one or more consumer queue tokensfor the producer ports 2210 thereby indicating that space is availablein example consumer queues 2212, as described in further detail below.In some examples, the HCW includes a completion (e.g., a completionnotification, completion indicator, a completion flag, completion data,etc.) for an oldest (e.g., a least recently written QE to a consumerqueue) outstanding load-balanced QE. For example, the HCW can include abyte having a value that indicates whether an operation has beencompleted by a worker core. In such examples, the byte can be a flag, anidentifier, a status, etc., indicative of completion or no completion.For example, in response to a worker core completing an operation on adata packet, the worker core can set the completion byte and/orotherwise adjust a value of the completion byte to be indicative ofcompleting the operation. In such examples, the worker core can returnthe HCW to the DLB 2202. In some such examples, the producer ports 2210can determine that the worker core completed the operation on the datapacket based on the completion byte having the value indicative of thecompletion. In such examples, the producer ports 2210 can enqueue thedata pointer of the HCW based on the determination.

In some examples, a QE corresponds to a unit of data that can beenqueued to the DLB 2202 and/or subsequently stored into one or moreunits of storage in example queues 2214 of example internal QE storage2216. For example, the queues 2214 can be implemented with random accessmemory (RAM) (e.g., static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), etc.). Inthis example, the internal QE storage 2216 includes a plurality of thequeues 2214 and each of the queues 2214 can store a plurality of exampleQEs 2218. In some examples, the QE obtained from the producer threads2206 have a data size of 16 bytes (i.e., 16B). In some examples, the QEmay have any other data size. In this example, four of the 16B QEs canbe packed up into 64B cache lines for mesh bandwidth efficiency.Accordingly, the relatively small QE size is indicative that most of thedata or information communicated from the producer threads 2206 to theconsumer threads 2208 are stored elsewhere in memory (e.g., memoryexternal to the DLB 2202) and a user-defined portion of the QE, in someexamples, holds a pointer to that data or information. For example, theQE obtained from the producer threads 2206 can include a data pointer toa network data packet stored elsewhere than the DLB 2202.

In the illustrated example, the producer threads 2206 write HCW to theproducer ports 2210 with any transmitted data packets and notingcompletion if required. The QE included in the HCW, unless reordered byexample reorder logic 2220, gets inserted into a specified one of thequeues 2214. In this example, the queues 2214 include the internal QEstorage elements 2218. In this example, the reorder logic 2220 mayoptionally (e.g., via one or more configuration inputs, via one or moreproducer ports, etc.) be applied to incoming QE from the producerthreads 2206 received by the producer ports 2210. The reorder logic 2220be an example implementation of the reorder controller 1840 of FIG. 18and/or the reorder logic 2114 of FIG. 21 . The queues 2214 and/or, moregenerally, the internal queue storage 2216, can be an exampleimplementation of the queue controller 1830 of FIG. 18 , the queues 1910of FIG. 19 , the queue 2008 of FIG. 20 , and/or the queueing logic 2116of FIG. 21 .

In example operation, the DLB 2202 schedules QE from the queues 2214 tothe consumer threads 2208 based on a two-stage priority arbiter. In someexamples, fewer or more stages of priority arbiters may be used. The DLB2202 includes a first example stage arbiter 2222 and a second examplestage arbiter 2224. In this example, the first stage arbiter 2222 and/orthe second stage arbiter 2224 are hardware. In some examples, one orboth arbiter stages 2222, 2224 can be implemented by hardware, software,firmware and/or any combination of hardware, software and/or firmware.

In some examples, the first stage arbiter 2222 and/or the second stagearbiter 2224 effectuates the distribution and prioritization of data ina data flow. For example, the second device 110 can transmit a data flowto a first one of the DUs 122 in the edge network 104 of FIG. 1 . Insuch examples, the DLB 2202 can be included in the first one of the DUs122. In some such examples, the DLB 2202 can prioritize the data flowfrom the second device 110 because the second device is a vehicle, suchas an autonomous vehicle. For example, the producer ports 2210 candetermine that data pointers associated with the data flow have arelatively high priority value. In such examples, the producer ports2210 can enqueue the data pointers having the relatively high priorityto one(s) of the queues 2214 that can be processed expeditiously. Insome such examples, the first stage arbiter 2222 can allocate the datapointers having the relatively high priority to the second stage arbiter2224 for distribution to the one(s) of the consumer queues 2212 to beprocessed before other data pointers having a lower priority.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 22 , the first stage arbiter 2222 isa queue identifier (QID) priority arbiter. In some examples, based oninformation included in a QE (e.g., a data pointer, a priority value,etc.) from one of the producer threads 2206, the producer ports 2210 candetermine the QE has a priority. In response to determining that the QEhas a priority, the QE is routed from one of the producer ports 2210 toone of the queues 2214 that can correspond to and/or otherwise beassociated with maintaining priority of incoming QEs. In response to theDLB 2202 routing the QE to one of the queues 2214 that can implementand/or otherwise facilitate priority-based scheduling, the DLB 2202routes the QE to the first stage arbiter 2222.

In some examples, the first stage arbiters 2222 each have a differentpriority. For example, a first one of the first stage arbiters 2222 canhave a first priority, a second one of the first stage arbiters 2222 canhave a second priority less than the first priority, etc. In suchexamples, the DLB 2202 can route a first one of the internal QE storageelements 2218 from a first one of the queues 2214 to the first one ofthe first stage arbiters 2222 by mapping a first priority value storedin the first one of the internal QE storage elements 2218 to the firstone of the first stage arbiters 2222 having the first priority based onthe first priority value. Alternatively, one or more of the first stagearbiters 2222 may have the same priority.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 22 , in response to routing the QE tothe first stage arbiter 2222, the DLB 2202 routes the QE to acorresponding second stage arbiter 2224, which in this example, is aconsumer arbiter. In this example, the second stage arbiter 2224 is aconsumer arbiter because the second stage arbiter 2224 determines,identifies, and/or otherwise selects a corresponding one of the consumerqueues 2212 to store a QE. In this example, the second stage arbiters2224 are each assigned to a unique consumer queue. For example, a firstone of the second stage arbiters 2224 is assigned and/or otherwiseassociated with a first one of the consumer queues 2212 and a first oneof the consumer cores 2208, a second one of the second stage arbiters2224 is assigned and/or otherwise associated with a second one of theconsumer queues 2212 and a second one of the consumer cores 2208, etc.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 22 , in response to routing the QE tothe second stage arbiter 2224, example dequeue logic 2226 writes the QEto a corresponding one of the consumer queues 2212. Additionally oralternatively, the dequeue logic 2226 may include at least one of thefirst stage arbiter 2222 or the second stage arbiter 2224. In thisexample, the consumer queues 2212 are system or main-memory basedconsumer queues, where a corresponding one of the consumer threads 2208can read the QE from and execute one or more computing tasks on a datapacket that corresponds to the QE.

FIG. 23 is an illustration of an example DLB 2302 to facilitatescheduling of computing tasks across a multi-core computing architecturein a fourth example hardware queue scheduling or management system 2300.For example, the DLB 2302 can be an example implementation of the DLB1800 of FIG. 18 , the DLB 1902 of FIG. 19 , the DLB 2002 of FIG. 20 ,the DLB 2102, 2104 of FIG. 21 , and/or the DLB 2202 of FIG. 22 .

In the illustrated example of FIG. 23 , the DLB 2302 is in communicationwith example producer threads 2304 and example consumer threads 2306. Inthis example, a first set of the producer threads 2304 (e.g., producerthreads A-D) are in communication with producer ports of the DLB 2302that are configured and/or otherwise designated as load balanced ports.In this example, a second set of the producer threads 2304 (e.g.,producer threads E-G) is in communication with producer ports of the DLB2302 that are configured and/or otherwise designated as direct ports.For example, producer ports of the DLB 2302 can process any type oftraffic (e.g., data traffic) in response to and/or otherwise based onchecking write permissions of the producer ports.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 23 , the DLB 2302 includes examplequeues 2308, 2310, 2312 and example arbiters 2314, 2316. In thisexample, the queues 2308, 2310, 2312 include first example queues 2308that have atomic QIDs, second example queues 2310 that have non-atomicQIDs, and third example queues 2312 that have direct QIDs.

In this example, direct QIDs (e.g., direct queue identifiers) are directqueues that are used for multiple producers (e.g., multiple ones of theproducer threads 2304) queuing up for communication to one consumer(e.g., a first one of the consumer threads 2306). In some examples,direct queues can be used for a single producer (e.g., a first one ofthe producer threads 2304) targeting a single consumer. An exampleimplementation of the direct queues is illustrated by an example directqueue 2500 in FIG. 25A. For example, the direct queue 2500 of FIG. 25Ais based on direct ordering.

In this example, non-atomic QIDs (e.g., non-atomic queue identifiers)are non-atomic queues. Example non-atomic queues include unorderedqueues (e.g., non-atomic unordered queues) and ordered queues (e.g.,non-atomic ordered queues). Unordered queues are used when one or moreproducers are queueing up to communicate to multiple consumers with arequirement to balance a workload across the multiple consumers (e.g.,without dynamic consumer affinity). An example implementation of theunordered queues is illustrated by an example unordered queue 2510 inFIG. 25B. For example, the unordered queue 2510 of FIG. 25B is not basedon ordering.

In some examples, ordered queues are used when there are one or moreproducers queueing up to communicate to multiple consumers with arequirement to dynamically balance the work across the multipleconsumers and then to restore the original enqueue order. In someexamples, the DLB 2302 restores the original enqueue order by having aQE of interest pass through the DLB 2302 at least twice. The DLB 2302can use the first pass to establish a required order, dequeue with loadbalancing across the consumers, and initialize internal tracking logicof the DLB 2302. The DLB 2302 can use the second pass to allow theload-balanced consumers to complete assigned workloads, becomeproducers, and enqueue to the DLB 2302 in any order. The DLB 2302 canhold the enqueues in a reorder buffer, and then move the ordered QEs tothe next queue. An example implementation of the ordered queues isillustrated by an example ordered queue 2520 in FIG. 25C.

In this example, atomic QIDs (e.g., atomic queue identifiers) are atomicqueues that are used when one or more of the producers are queueing upto communicate to multiple consumers with a requirement to balance aworkload across the multiple consumers with dynamic consumer affinitybased on a flow identifier (e.g., a flow ID). This allows the consumersto operate on per-flow variables without using locks. Consumer affinityis dynamic. For example, the affinity between the flow identifier and agiven core (e.g., a producer core, a consumer core, etc.) movesdynamically as the flow identifier appears and disappears from thefourth system 2300. An example implementation of the atomic queues isillustrated by an example atomic queue 2530 in FIG. 25D. For example,the atomic queue 25430 of FIG. 25D is based on atomic ordering,atomicity, etc.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 23 , each of the queues 2308, 2310,2312 have eight storage elements per QID (e.g., QID 0, QID 1, QID 2, QID3) that can be used for priority purposes. In some examples, one or moreof the queues 2308, 2310, 2312 may include fewer or more storageelements than depicted in FIG. 23 . In this example, the second queues2310 having the non-atomic QIDs can carry, store, etc., ordered orunordered traffic in the same queues. For example, a first one of thenon-atomic QIDs can store either ordered or unordered QEs.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 23 , the arbiters 2314, 2316 includea first example arbiter 2314 and a second example arbiter 2316. In thisexample, the first arbiter 2314 implements and/or otherwise effectuatesload balance arbitration. For example, the first arbiter 2314 canfacilitate load balance traffic from the load balanced ports. The firstarbiter 2314 can be configured to map which of the first queues 2308and/or the second queues 2310 that one(s) of the consumer threads 2306can retrieve data. In this example, the second arbiter 2316 implementsand/or otherwise effectuates direct arbitration. For example, the secondarbiter 2316 can map direct traffic to one(s) of the consumer threads2306 on a one-to-one basis. In this example, the arbiters 2314, 2316 andthe consumer threads 2306 are in communication with example consumerqueues 2318. In this example, the consumer queues 2318 are rings (e.g.,ring buffers) in dynamic RAM (DRAM). Alternatively, the consumer queues2318 may be configured as any other type of data organization and/or anymay be any other type of memory.

FIG. 24 is an illustration of an example virtualized implementation ofone of the DLBs of FIGS. 2-6, 18, 19, 20, 21, and/or 22 to facilitate ascheduling of computing tasks across a multi-core computing architecturewith a fifth example hardware queue scheduling or management system 2400including an example DLB 2402. For example, the DLB 2402 can be anexample implementation of the DLB 1800 of FIG. 18 , the DLB 1902 of FIG.19 , the DLB 2002 of FIG. 20 , the DLB 2102, 2104 of FIG. 21 , the DLB2202 of FIG. 22 , and/or the DLB 2302 of FIG. 23 .

In the illustrated example of FIG. 24 , the fifth hardware queuescheduling system 2400 corresponds to a virtualization of the producerand consumer scheduling system 1900 of FIG. 19 . For example, the fifthhardware queue scheduling system 2400 can correspond to and/or otherwisebe representative of software abstractions of the fourth hardware queuescheduling system 2300 of FIG. 23 . In this example, the DLB 2402 is avirtualization and/or otherwise software abstraction of the DLB 2302that can be used to configure and/or otherwise facilitate execution ofthe DLB 2302 using software while computing tasks associated with dataare executed using hardware.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 24 , the DLB 2402 is in communicationwith first example threads (e.g., producer threads) 2404 and secondexample threads (e.g., consumer threads) 2406. In this example, theproducer threads 2404 can correspond to a virtualization and/orotherwise a software abstraction of the producer threads 2304 of FIG. 23. In this example, the consumer threads 2306 can correspond to avirtualization and/or otherwise a software abstraction of the consumerthreads 2306 of FIG. 23 . Advantageously, by virtualizing the producerthreads 2304, the consumer threads 2306, the DLB 2302, etc., of FIG. 23, service assurance can be improved. For example, quality-of-service(QoS) parameters can be calculated, analyzed, etc., in software.

Advantageously, by virtualizing the producer threads 2304, the consumerthreads 2306, the DLB 2302, etc., of FIG. 23 , as depicted in FIG. 24 ,portion(s) thereof can be allocated to different applications tocomplete workloads. For example, the DLB 2402 or portion(s) thereof canbe allocated to the application layer 128 of FIG. 1 . In such examples,a first portion of the DLB 2402 can be allocated to execute workloadsfor BSS, a second portion of the DLB 2402 can be allocated to executedworkloads for OSS, a third portion of the DLB 2402 can be allocated toexecute workloads for 5GC), Internet Protocol multimedia core networksubsystems (IMS), etc.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 24 , a first set of the producerthreads 2404 (e.g., producer threads A-C) is in communication withproducer ports (e.g., virtualizations and/or otherwise softwareabstractions of the producer ports) of the DLB 2402. In this example,the first set of the producer threads 2404 correspond to and/orotherwise implement a first virtual machine (VM 0), a first application(APP 0), VM 0 executing APP 0, etc.

In this example, a second set of the producer threads 2404 (e.g.,producer threads D-E) is in communication with the producer ports of theDLB 2402. In this example, the second set of the producer threads 2404correspond to and/or otherwise implement a second virtual machine (VM1), a second application (APP 1), VM1 executing APP 1, etc. In thisexample, a third set of the producer threads 2404 (e.g., producerthreads F-H) is in communication with the producer ports of the DLB2402. In this example, the third set of the producer threads 2404correspond to and/or otherwise implement a third virtual machine (VM 2),a third application (APP 2), VM2 executing APP 2, etc.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 24 , the DLB 2402 includes an examplearbiter (e.g., arbitration logic) 2408 to facilitate communicationbetween the DLB 2402 and example consumer queues 2410. In this example,the arbiter 2408 can correspond to a virtualization and/or otherwise asoftware abstraction of the first arbiter 2314 and/or the second arbiter2316 of FIG. 23 . In this example, the consumer queues 2410 cancorrespond to a virtualization and/or otherwise a software abstractionof the consumer queues 2318 of FIG. 23 .

FIG. 26 is an illustration of a fourth example workflow 2600 using aDLB, such as the DLB 1800 of FIG. 18 , the DLB 1902 of FIG. 19 , the DLB2002 of FIG. 20 , the DLB 2102, 2104 of FIG. 21 , the DLB 2202 of FIG.22 , the DLB 2302 of FIG. 23 , and/or the DLB 2402 of FIG. 24 . In someexamples, the fourth workflow 2600 can correspond to an exampleproducer/consumer pipeline. For example, the producer/consumer pipelinecan implement a chain or pipeline of operations.

During the fourth workflow 2600, a first example core 2604 is operatingas a consumer core by completing a computing task (e.g., authenticatinga data packet, decrypting/encrypting the data packet, etc.). In responseto the first core 2604 completing the computing task, the first core2604 can transition from operating as a consumer core to operating as aproducer core. For example, the first core 2604 can enqueue dataassociated with the completed computing task to the DLB 2602. In suchexamples, the DLB 2602 can dequeue the data to one(s) of the pool ofworker cores 2606. In response to the one(s) of the pool of worker cores2606 completing computing task(s) associated with the dequeued data, theone(s) of the pool of worker cores 2606 can enqueue the data to the DLB2602. In response to the enqueuing, the DLB 2602 can dequeue the data toa second example core 2608. In this example, the second core 2608 isoperating as a consumer core.

During the fourth workflow 2600, each pass through the DLB 2602 canprovide an opportunity to load balance a subsequent computing taskacross multiple cores of an example pool of worker cores 2606. In thisexample, the pool of worker cores 2606 implements a multi-coreprocessor. Alternatively, the pool of worker cores 2606 may implement adistributed multi-core environment, where a first set of the workercores in the pool 2606 are included in a first multi-core processor, asecond set of the worker cores in the pool 2606 are included in a secondmulti-core processor, etc.

In some examples, such as processing a communication workload exampleassociated with the multi-core computing environment 100 of FIG. 1 , acomplete set of computing tasks that goes through the producer/consumerpipeline of the illustrated example can correspond to a data packet(e.g., receiving a data packet, transmitting a data packet, etc.). Insuch examples, the data packet can be handled across many cores (e.g.,the first core 2604, one(s) of the pool of worker cores 2606, the secondcore 2608, etc.) via multiple passes through the DLB 2602.

In some examples, the fourth workflow 2600 effectuates applications suchas an online-facilitated auction (e.g., a live enterprise auction). Forexample, the first core 2604 can receive events representative ofauction bids from devices, such as the first device 108 of FIG. 1 . Insuch examples, the DLB 2602 can enqueue data pointers identifying theauction bids in order of receipt. The DLB 2602 can dequeue the datapointers to the pool of worker cores 2606 to complete operations on theauction bids. For example, the pool of worker cores 2606 can extracttimestamp data, auction item description data, pricing data, paymentdata, etc., from the auction bids, process the extracted data, store theextracted data, etc. In such examples, in response to completing theoperations on the auction bids, the pool of worker cores 2606 canenqueue the data pointers to the DLB 2602 with indications that theoperations have been completed.

In some examples, the fourth workflow 2600 effectuates applications suchas an autonomous movement (e.g., autonomous driving, autonomous flying,etc.). For example, the first core 2604 can receive eventsrepresentative of autonomous movement data (e.g., a vehicle speed, aflight speed, vehicle or UAV geosynchronous position data (GPS), analtitude, etc.) from devices, such as the second device 110, the thirddevice 112 of FIG. 1 , the fourth device 114 of FIG. 1 , etc. In suchexamples, the DLB 2602 can enqueue data pointers identifying theautonomous movement data in order of receipt. The DLB 2602 can dequeuethe data pointers to the pool of worker cores 2606 to completeoperations on the autonomous movement data. For example, the pool ofworker cores 2606 can determine a set of directions to move the seconddevice 110 from a first position to a second position, a flight path tomove the third device 112 from a third position to a fourth position,etc., based on the autonomous movement data. In such examples, inresponse to completing the operations on the autonomous movement data,the pool of worker cores 2606 can enqueue the data pointers to the DLB2602 with indications that the operations have been completed.

FIG. 27 is an illustration of an example application 2700 that may beimplemented using one or more DLBs, such as one(s) of the DLB 1800 ofFIG. 18 , the DLB 1902 of FIG. 19 , the DLB 2002 of FIG. 20 , the DLB2102, 2104 of FIG. 21 , the DLB 2202 of FIG. 22 , the DLB 2302 of FIG.23 , the DLB 2402 of FIG. 24 , and/or the DLB 2602 of FIG. 26 . In thisexample, the application 2700 is a multi-stage processing application inwhich the operation is improved using the one or more DLBs describedherein.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 27 , the application 2700 cancorrespond to and/or otherwise be representative of an application thathas strict latency, data throughput, dynamic load balancing, and/orscalability requirements. For example, the application 2700 canimplement a 4G or a 5G cellular network packet processing application inwhich the one or more DLBs can be used to improve operations inconnection with example receive (RX) classification tasks or operations2702, example pre-cryptographic (PRE-CRYPTO) tasks or operations 2704,example cryptographic (CRYPTO) tasks or operations (e.g., an encryptionoperation) 2706, example post-cryptographic (POSTCRYPTO) and/ortransmission (TX) operations 2708.

In example operation, an example NIC 2710, such as the NIC 1414 of FIG.14 , can enqueue a data pointer to the DLB 2602 of FIG. 26 , where thedata pointer corresponds to a data packet stored in memory (e.g., systemor main memory of a processor platform). For example, the data packetcan be a first data packet of a plurality of data packets in a dataflow. The DLB 2602 can dequeue the data pointer to a worker core in thepool of worker cores 2606 of FIG. 26 . In example operation, the workercore can retrieve the data packet from the memory, complete the RXclassification operation 2702 on the data packet, and return theprocessed data packet to the memory.

In example operation, responsive to the completion of the RXclassification operation 2702, the worker core can enqueue data to theDLB 2602, which can include the data pointer of the processed datapacket and/or an indication of the completion of the RX classificationoperation 2702. In example operation, the DLB 2602 can dequeue the datapointer to the worker core or a different worker core to execute thepre-cryptographic operation 2704 on the data packet. In exampleoperation, the NIC 2710 can enqueue another data pointer of the dataflow. The DLB 2602 can dequeue the data pointer to a worker core of thepool of worker cores 2606 to execute the RX classification operation2702 while a different worker core of the pool of worker cores 2606processes the pre-cryptographic operation 2704. Advantageously, the DLB2602 can execute the application 2700 by assigning operations of theapplication 2700 to be completed by one(s) of the pool of worker cores2606.

FIG. 28 is an illustration a sixth example hardware queue scheduling ormanagement system 2800 including an example DLB 2802 to execute anapplication, such as the application 2700 of FIG. 27 . For example, theDLB 2802 can be an example implementation of the DLB 1800 of FIG. 18 ,the DLB 1902 of FIG. 19 , the DLB 2002 of FIG. 20 , the DLB 2102, 2104of FIG. 21 , the DLB 2202 of FIG. 22 , the DLB 2302 of FIG. 23 , the DLB2402 of FIG. 24 , and/or the DLB 2602 of FIG. 26 . In this example, thesixth hardware queue scheduling system 2800 includes an example localarea network (LAN) receive (RX) interface 2804, an example LAN transmit(TX) interface 2806, an example receive thread (e.g., a receive core, avirtualization of the receive core, etc.) 2808, example worker threads(e.g., worker cores, virtualizations of the worker cores, etc.) 2810, anexample transmit thread (e.g., a transmit core, a virtualization of thetransmit core, etc.) 2812.

FIG. 29 is an annotated illustration of the sixth hardware queuescheduling system 2800 of FIG. 28 effectuating an application, such as acommunication application (e.g., an IPsec application). For example, theapplication can be in connection with a network gateway or other type ofnetwork interface that may incorporate the DLB 2802 of FIG. 28 . In thisexample, a NIC can implement the LAN RX interface 2804 and the LAN TXinterface 2806. In this example, the NIC can hash a packet header of thedata packet and generate a flow identifier (FLOWID) associated with thedata packet, a data flow that includes the data packet, etc. The NICand/or front-end logic circuitry of the DLB 2802 can convert a firstdescription of the flow identifier in a NIC format to a seconddescription of the flow identifier in a DLB and/or a QE format. Forexample, a receive thread (e.g., a receive core, a virtualization of thereceive core, etc.) 2808 can execute a conversion operation to convertthe first description to the second description. The converted flowidentifier can be transmitted to the DLB 2802 as a new event. The DLB2802 can process the new event using atomic load balancing based on theflow identifier, where the new event may optionally have priority. Forexample, the DLB 2802 can packet spray and/or otherwise transmit the newevent to example worker threads 2810, which can execute the new event.

In response to one of the worker threads 2810 processing the new event,the DLB 2802 can obtain the new event and aggregate data pointersincluding a first data pointer corresponding to the new event and seconddata pointers corresponding to associated data packets in the data flow.In response to aggregating the data pointers (e.g., aggregating the datapackets by aggregating the data pointers) back together into a singlestream, the DLB 2802 can dequeue the aggregated data pointers to anexample transmit thread (e.g., a transmit core, a virtualization of thetransmit core, etc.) 2812. For example, the transmit thread 2812 canconvert the second description of the aggregated data pointers into thefirst description. In response to the dequeuing, the NIC can transmitthe stream to different hardware, software, and/or firmware during theLAN TX operation 2806.

FIG. 30 is an illustration another example application 3000 that may beimplemented and/or otherwise effectuated by a DLB, such as the DLB 1800of FIG. 18 , the DLB 1902 of FIG. 19 , the DLB 2002 of FIG. 20 , the DLB2102, 2104 of FIG. 21 , the DLB 2202 of FIG. 22 , the DLB 2302 of FIG.23 , the DLB 2402 of FIG. 24 , the DLB 2602 of FIG. 26 , and/or the DLB2802 of FIG. 28 . In this example, the application 3000 is an IPsecrouter application including an example detect IPsec operation 3002, anexample security association (SA) lookup operation 3004, an exampleanti-replay check operation 3006, an example decryption authenticationoperation 3008, an example anti-replay window (ARW) update operation3010, an example decapsulate (DECAP) inner flow operation 3012, anexample routing operation 3014, and an example transmit operation 3016.

In example operation, a NIC, such as the NIC 2710 of FIG. 27 , canreceive a first data packet of a data flow. In such examples, the NIC2710 can provide and/or otherwise enqueue a first data pointeridentifying the first data packet to the DLB. In some such examples, theDLB can dequeue the first data pointer to a first worker core of amulti-core processor to execute the detect IPsec operation 3002 on thefirst data packet.

In some examples, responsive to the first worker core enqueuing thecompletion of the IPsec operation 3002 to the DLB, the DLB can dequeuethe first data pointer to the first worker core or a second worker coreto execute the SA lookup operation 3004 on the first data packet. Insuch examples, while the first worker core or the second worker core isexecuting the SA lookup operation 3004 on the first data packet, the DLBcan dequeue a second data pointer to an available one of the firstworker core, the second worker core, or a third worker core to processthe detect IPsec operation 3002 on the second data packet. In some suchexamples, the DLB and the worker cores can process the first datapacket, the second data packet, etc., through each of the operations ofthe application 3000 to process the data flow. Advantageously, the DLBand the worker cores of the multi-core processor can process the dataflow through the chain of operations depicted in the example of FIG. 30by offloading the scheduling of the operations to the DLB to beimplemented in hardware and increasing availability of the worker coresto complete the operations of the application 3000.

FIG. 31 is an illustration of yet another example application 3100 thatmay be implemented and/or otherwise effectuated by a DLB, such as theDLB 1800 of FIG. 18 , the DLB 1902 of FIG. 19 , the DLB 2002 of FIG. 20, the DLB 2102, 2104 of FIG. 21 , the DLB 2202 of FIG. 22 , the DLB 2302of FIG. 23 , the DLB 2402 of FIG. 24 , the DLB 2602 of FIG. 26 , and/orthe DLB 2802 of FIG. 28 . In this example, the application 3100 is anIPsec router application including a combination of large outercommunication tunnels with optional encryption.

The application 3100 of the illustrated example of FIG. 31 can include alarge number of inner communication flows. The application 3100 can havea quantity of worker cores or threads that each run outer tunnelprocessing, a router algorithm based on inner tunnel processing, etc.The application 3100 can implement anti-replay checks and updates basedon atomicity. The application 3100 can determine a flow identifier basedon an inspection of a packet header of a data packet obtained by anexample NIC 3102 (e.g., the NIC 2710 of FIG. 27 ), where the flowidentifier can be calculated based on an inner packet header (e.g., a5-tuple hash).

In this example, the application 3100 is a multi-stage IPsec applicationincluding an example packet receive operation executed with a poll modedriver (PMD) 3104, an example ordering (ORD) operation 3106, one or moreexample security association (SA) lookup age check decrypt operations3108, an example Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) directory (DIR)operation 3110, an example anti-replay window (ARW) update operation3112, an example ATM operation 3114, one or more example inner tunnelrouting operations 3116, an example DIR operation 3118, and an examplepacket transmit operation executed with the PMD 3120. Advantageously,the DLB can sequentially dequeue data pointers associated with datapackets of a data flow to one(s) of worker cores in a multi-coreprocessor in response to the one(s) of the worker cores completing theoperations depicted in the application 3100 of FIG. 31 .

FIG. 32 is an illustration of a fifth example workflow 3200corresponding to charging and returning points in an example three-stagepipeline that may be implemented using a DLB, such as the DLB 1800 ofFIG. 18 , the DLB 1902 of FIG. 19 , the DLB 2002 of FIG. 20 , the DLB2102, 2104 of FIG. 21 , the DLB 2202 of FIG. 22 , the DLB 2302 of FIG.23 , the DLB 2402 of FIG. 24 , the DLB 2602 of FIG. 26 , and/or the DLB2802 of FIG. 28 . In this example, the fifth workflow 3200 is based on ahardware and/or software credit scheme to prevent software (e.g., anapplication, one or more software threads, etc.) from overflowinghardware event storage in connection with the DLB. For example, eachunit of memory or storage included in and/or otherwise associated withthe DLB can be represented by a credit.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 32 , a port (e.g., the producer port2210 of FIG. 22 ) spends a credit to enqueue an event (e.g., an eventindicating of enqueuing data, enqueuing a data pointer, etc.). The DLBcan refill the port with a credit as the event that caused adisbursement of the credit has left the internal storage of the DLB. Inthis example, credit refills come from credit pools, and each port canbe a member of one load-balanced credit pool and one directed creditpool.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 32 , the DLB can layer a softwarecredit scheme on top of a hardware credit scheme to comply with aper-port backpressure. The hardware scheme of the DLB is local toexample queue/pipeline stages 3202, 3204, 3206 including a first examplequeue stage (QUEUE 1) 3202, a second example queue stage (QUEUE 2)3204,and a third example queue stage (QUEUE 3) 3206. In this example, the DLBimplements and/or otherwise includes the queue stages 3202, 3204, 3206.For example, a port can spend a credit when the port enqueues to a queue(e.g., a producer 3208 enqueues data to the first queue stage 3202) anda credit is later replenished after the event (e.g., the data enqueuedto the first queue stage 3202) is dequeued and released (e.g., dequeuedfrom the first queue stage 3202 and forwarded (FWD) to the second queuestage 3204). Example forwarders 3210 corresponding to hardware canforward data between queues. For example, the DLB, such as the DLB 1800of FIG. 18 , the DLB 1902 of FIG. 19 , the DLB 2002 of FIG. 20 , the DLB2102, 2104 of FIG. 21 , the DLB 2202 of FIG. 22 , the DLB 2302 of FIG.23 , the DLB 2402 of FIG. 24 , the DLB 2602 of FIG. 26 , and/or the DLB2802 of FIG. 28 , can include the forwarders 3210 as implemented byhardware logic.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 32 , in the software credit scheme, acredit is consumed when a new event is injected into the system (e.g.,injected into and/or otherwise enqueued to the DLB) and the credit isreplenished when the event is released from the system. For example, anevent is “in the system” from an enqueuing of the event until the eventis dequeued. In some examples, the event is still considered “in thesystem” if the event goes through multiple event queues while beingprocessed by a thread (e.g., a worker thread).

In some examples, a port of the DLB will fail to enqueue in response toa number of events in the system exceeding a threshold (e.g., an eventthreshold, a new event threshold, etc.), which can be configurable. Insome examples, a port of the DLB will fail to enqueue in response to theport not having enough hardware credits to enqueue the new event.

In some examples, there may be different types of hardware credits. Forexample, a first type of hardware credit can be a load-balanced creditthat can be used to enqueue to a load-balanced queue of the DLB. In suchexamples, the load-balanced queue can correspond to one(s) of the queues2308, 2310, 2312 of FIG. 23 that are in communication with the first setof the producer threads 2304 (e.g., producer threads A-D). A second typeof hardware credit can be directed credit that can be used to enqueue toa directed queue of the DLB. For example, the directed queue cancorrespond to one(s) of the queues 2308, 2310, 2312 of FIG. 23 that arein communication with the second set of the producer threads 2304 (e.g.,producer threads E-F).

In some examples, if a worker thread lacks a credit to enqueue a firstevent, the worker thread can dequeue a second event before the workerthread can recover a credit needed to enqueue the first event (e.g., thenew event). Advantageously, the DLB can avoid, mitigate, or prevent acredit deadlock scenario or operating condition by (i) stopping and/orotherwise ceasing to retry to enqueue a new event, (ii) releasing thenew event the DLB is attempting to enqueue, and/or (iii) dequeuing oneor more previously enqueued events to make room for the new event.

FIG. 33 depicts a first example data flow diagram 3300 corresponding tooperation of a hardware queue scheduling or management system, such asthe producer and consumer scheduling system 1900 of FIG. 19 and/orone(s) of the hardware scheduling queue or management systems 2000,2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 280 of FIGS. 20-24 and/or 28 . The first dataflow diagram 3300 includes example operations executed by at least oneof a first example core 3310, an example DLB 3320, example memory 3330,or a second example core 3340.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 33 , the first core 3310 cancorrespond to the producer 1904 of FIG. 19 , one of the producer cores2004 of FIG. 20 , etc. In this example, the second core 3340 cancorrespond to either a producer core or a consumer core. For example,the second core 3340 as a producer core can correspond to the producer1904 of FIG. 19 , one of the producer cores 2004 of FIG. 20 , etc. Inother examples, the second core 3340 as a consumer core can correspondto the consumer 1906 of FIG. 19 , one of the consumer cores 2006 of FIG.20 , etc.

In this example, the DLB 3320 can correspond to the DLB 1800 of FIG. 18, the DLB 1902 of FIG. 19 , the DLB 2002 of FIG. 20 , the DLB 2102, 2104of FIG. 21 , the DLB 2202 of FIG. 22 , the DLB 2302 of FIG. 23 , the DLB2402 of FIG. 24 , the DLB 2602 of FIG. 26 , and/or the DLB 2802 of FIG.28 . In this example, the memory 3330 can correspond to system or mainmemory of a computing system. For example, the memory 3330 can store theconsumer queues 2016 of FIG. 20 , the consumer queues 2120 of FIG. 21 ,etc.

During a first example operation 3342, the first core 3310 can enqueue aqueue element (QE) to a producer port (PP) via an example writeoperation (e.g., a memory-mapped I/O (MMIO) write operation) if thefirst core 3310 has an available producer credit. During a secondexample operation 3344, the DLB 3320 can update an internal producercount in response to enqueuing the QE. During a third example operation3346, the DLB 3320 writes on a credit low watermark of the memory 3330.During a fourth example operation 3348, the available credits perproducer are updated in the memory 3330. During a fifth exampleoperation 3350 (e.g., after the first operation 3342), the first core3310 can update a local producer credit count associated with the firstcore 3310. During a sixth example operation 3352, the first core 3310can poll the available credits stored in the memory 3330. During aseventh example operation 3354, responsive to the polling during thesixth operation 3352, the producer credits of the first core 3310 arereplenished.

FIG. 34 depicts a second example data flow diagram 3400 corresponding tooperation of the hardware queue scheduling or management system, such asthe producer and consumer scheduling system 1900 of FIG. 19 and/orone(s) of the hardware scheduling queue or management systems 2000,2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 280 of FIGS. 20-24 and/or 28 . The second dataflow diagram 3400 includes example operations executed by at least oneof the first core 3310, the DLB 3320, the memory 3330, or the secondexample core 3340 of FIG. 33 . For example, the second data flow diagram3400 can be a continuation, or extension of, the first data flow diagram3300 of FIG. 33 . In such examples, the operations of the first dataflow diagram 3300 and the second data flow diagram 3400 can occur inconnection with each other.

In example operation, during an eighth example operation 3402, the DLB3320 dequeues the QE (e.g., the QE enqueued during the second operation3344 of FIG. 33 ) by writing the QE to a tail of an example consumerqueue 3410 stored in the memory 3330. For example, the consumer queues3410 can correspond to the consumer queues 2016 of FIG. 20 , theconsumer queues 2120 of FIG. 21 , etc. During a ninth example operation3404, the second core 3340 can poll the consumer queues 3410 from a headof the consumer queues 3410. During a tenth example operation 3406,responsive to the polling, the second core 3340 checks for availableQE(s) and update the head of the consumer queues 3410. For example,responsive to the polling, the second core 3340 can retrieve datapacket(s) stored in the memory 3330 that correspond to the QE(s) writtenduring the eighth operation 3402. In such examples, the second core 3340can execute a workload on the retrieved data packet(s) at an eleventhexample operation 3412.

During a twelfth example operation 3414, the second core 3340 enqueuesthe QE(s) associated with the workload to the producer ports of the DLB3320 if the second core 3340 has an available producer credit. Forexample, the second core 3340 can write (e.g., a MMIO write) the QE(s)to the producer port(s) of the DLB 3320. During a thirteenth exampleoperation 3416, the DLB 3320 enqueues the QE(s), updates the internalproducer credit count maintained by the DLB 3320, and updates thefullness of the consumer queues 3410.

FIG. 35 is an example table 3500 depicting an example implementation ofa hardware control word (HCW) and a consumer queue element (QE) that maybe implemented using a DLB, such as the DLB 1800 of FIG. 18 , the DLB1902 of FIG. 19 , the DLB 2002 of FIG. 20 , the DLB 2102, 2104 of FIG.21 , the DLB 2202 of FIG. 22 , the DLB 2302 of FIG. 23 , the DLB 2402 ofFIG. 24 , the DLB 2602 of FIG. 26 , the DLB 2802 of FIG. 28 , and/or theDLB 3320 of FIGS. 33-34 . In this example, the HCW as depicted is a 16byte (i.e., 16B) implementation. Alternatively, the HCW may beimplemented with a different data size (e.g., 32B, 64B, etc.). In thisexample, the HCW implements a flexible queue entry or queue element. Forexample, the HCW depicted in FIG. 35 can implement one(s) of the QEinternal storage elements 2218 of FIG. 22 .

In the illustrated example of FIG. 35 , the HCW is data, such asmetadata. For example, the HCW can include first metadata and secondmetadata. In such examples, the first metadata can include informationrelating to the queue entry itself, such as queue ID (QID), priority,format, and length. In some such examples, the DLB can use the firstmetadata to perform enqueue and/or dequeue-related operations on thatqueue entry. In some examples, the second metadata includes actual data(e.g., one or more data packets), or pointer(s) to the actual data,which is/are to be shared with a consumer core, thread, device, etc.,via a dequeue request or operation. In such examples, the DLB may ignoreand/or otherwise not process the second metadata.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 35 , the 16B HCW includes 1 byte(i.e., 1B) corresponding to a command field (CMD) indicative of QE,comp, and/or tokens. In this example, the 16B HCW includes 1Bcorresponding to a miscellaneous field (MISC) for debugging or othermiscellaneous features. In this example, the 16B HCW includes 2Bcorresponding to a lock identifier (LOCKID) field used for atomicqueueing purposes.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 35 , the 16B HCW includes 2Bcorresponding to a QE field used for QE information (Q_INFO). Forexample, the Q_INFO field can store information on atomicity,fragmentation, load-balancing, reordering requirements, sequencing,etc., of data, pointer(s) referencing the data, etc. In some examples,the atomicity information can describe whether a QE is to be submittedto a single core at a time. In some examples, the fragmentationinformation is used when deciding whether or not to break up the datafor traffic shaping. In some examples, the load balancing informationindicates whether load balancing across multiple output queues may beutilized. In some examples, the reordering information is used toindicate whether reordering based on a sequence number is needed whenentries are sent to the output or consumer queues.

In this example, the Q_INFO field includes a type of a load balancer(LB) or LB operation required to process the QE, an index of an internalqueue identifier (QID), and/or a priority value (e.g., a value in arange of 0-7). For example, a DLB, such as the DLB 2202 of FIG. 22 , canexecute a reordering operation (e.g., with the reorder logic 2220 ofFIG. 22 ) based on the index of the QID. In such examples, the DLB, suchas the DLB 2202, can execute an arbitration operation (e.g., with thefirst stage arbiter 2222 of FIG. 22 and/or the second stage arbiter 2224of FIG. 22 ) based on the priority value.

In this example, the 16B HCW includes 10B corresponding to a software(SW) field that can be used by a virtualization and/or otherwise asoftware abstraction layer of the DLB. Alternatively, the software fieldmay be used to store actual data (e.g., one or more data packets), ordata pointer(s) associated with the actual data. In some examples, thefirst metadata includes at least one of the command field, themiscellaneous field, the lock identifier field, or the QE field. In suchexamples, the second metadata can include the software field. In somesuch examples, the command field, the miscellaneous field, the lockidentifier field, the QE field, and/or the software field are metadatatag(s), metadata portion(s), etc.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 35 , the implementation of theconsumer QE includes the QE field (Q INFO) and the SW field (SW) fromthe producer HCW. The implementation of the consumer QE includes 1Bcorresponding to a status field (STATUS), 1B corresponding to amiscellaneous field (MISC) for debugging or other miscellaneousfeatures, and 2B corresponding to a debug field (DEBUG) used fordebugging purposes.

FIG. 36 is a block diagram of an example implementation of a firstexample multi-core processor 3600 including example DLBs 3602. In thisexample, the first multi-core processor 3600 is represented as beingincluded in a CPU package. In this example, one(s) of the DLBs 3602 cancorrespond to the DLB 1800 of FIG. 18 , the DLB 1902 of FIG. 19 , theDLB 2002 of FIG. 20 , the DLB 2102, 2104 of FIG. 21 , the DLB 2202 ofFIG. 22 , the DLB 2302 of FIG. 23 , the DLB 2402 of FIG. 24 , the DLB2602 of FIG. 26 , the DLB 2802 of FIG. 28 , and/or the DLB 3320 of FIGS.33-34 . In this example, the first multi-core processor 3600 ishardware. For example, the first multi-core processor 3600 can beimplemented by one or more integrated circuits, logic circuits,microprocessors, GPUs, DSPs, or controllers from any desired family ormanufacturer.

In this example, the first multi-core processor 3600 is a multi-core CPUincluding example CPU cores 3604. For example, the first multi-coreprocessor 3600 can be included in one or more of the DUs 122 of FIG. 1 ,one or more of the CUs 124 of FIG. 1 , etc. In such examples, the firstmulti-core processor 3600 can be an example implementation of theprocessor 201 of FIG. 2 , the processor 308 of FIG. 3 , the processor406 of FIG. 4 , etc.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 36 , the first multi-core processor3600 is a semiconductor based (e.g., silicon based) device. In thisexample, the first multi-core processor 3600 includes at least a firstexample semiconductor die 3606, a second example semiconductor die 3608,and a third example semiconductor die 3610. In this example, the firstsemiconductor die 3606 is a CPU die that includes a first set of the CPUcores 3604 and a first instance of the DLB 3602. In this example, thesecond semiconductor die 3608 is a CPU die that includes a second set ofthe CPU cores 3604 and a second instance of the DLB 3602. In thisexample, the third semiconductor die 3610 is an I/O die that includesother example circuitry 3612 (e.g., memory, logic circuitry, etc.) tofacilitate operation of the first multi-core processor 3600.Alternatively, one or more of the semiconductor dies 3606, 3608, 3610may include more than one instance of the DLB 3602, fewer or more CPUcores 3604, fewer or more other circuitry 3612, etc., and/or acombination thereof.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 36 , the DLB 3602 is hardware. Forexample, the DLB 3602 can be implemented by one or more analog ordigital circuit(s), logic circuits, programmable processor(s),programmable controller(s), GPU(s), DSP(s), ASIC(s), PLD(s), and/orFPLD(s). Alternatively, the DLB 3602 may be implemented by hardware,software, and/or firmware.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 36 , the DLB 3602 is in the uncore ofthe first semiconductor die 3606 and the second semiconductor die 3608.In this example, the DLBs 3602 is/are in communication withcorresponding one(s) of the CPU cores 3604. For example, the DLB 3602can enqueue data (e.g., a data pointer or other identifying dataassociated with data stored in memory, hardware, etc.) from a dataproducer (e.g., a NIC) and dequeue the data to one(s) of the CPU cores3604 for processing. For example, the data can be stored in randomaccess memory (RAM) or any other type of memory in hardware. In suchexamples, the data can be stored in the first multi-core processor 3600or external to the first multi-core processor 3600. The pointer cancorrespond to a data packet (e.g., a network data packet) obtained by aNIC or other network interface. Advantageously, the CPU cores 3604 canoffload scheduling-related tasks to the DLB 3602 and, thus, increaseavailability of the CPU cores 3604 for additional computing tasks.

FIG. 37 is a block diagram of an example implementation of a secondexample multi-core processor 3700 including example DLBs 3702. In thisexample, the second multi-core processor 3700 is represented as beingincluded in a CPU package. In this example, one(s) of the DLBs 3702 cancorrespond to the DLB 1800 of FIG. 18 , the DLB 1902 of FIG. 19 , theDLB 2002 of FIG. 20 , the DLB 2102, 2104 of FIG. 21 , the DLB 2202 ofFIG. 22 , the DLB 2302 of FIG. 23 , the DLB 2402 of FIG. 24 , the DLB2602 of FIG. 26 , the DLB 2802 of FIG. 28 , the DLB 3320 of FIGS. 33-34, and/or the DLB 3602 of FIG. 36 . In this example, the secondmulti-core processor 3700 is hardware. For example, the secondmulti-core processor 3700 can be implemented by one or more integratedcircuits, logic circuits, microprocessors, GPUs, DSPs, or controllersfrom any desired family or manufacturer.

In this example, the second multi-core processor 3700 is a multi-coreCPU including example CPU cores 3704. For example, the second multi-coreprocessor 3700 can be included in one or more of the DUs 122 of FIG. 1 ,one or more of the CUs 124 of FIG. 1 , etc. In such examples, the secondmulti-core processor 3700 can be an example implementation of theprocessor 201 of FIG. 2 , the processor 308 of FIG. 3 , the processor406 of FIG. 4 , etc.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 37 , the second multi-core processor3700 is a semiconductor based (e.g., silicon based) device. In thisexample, the second multi-core processor 3700 includes at least a firstexample semiconductor die 3706, a second example semiconductor die 3708,and a third example semiconductor die 3710. In this example, the firstsemiconductor die 3706 is a CPU die that includes a first set of the CPUcores 3704. In this example, the second semiconductor die 3708 is a CPUdie that includes a second set of the CPU cores 3704. In this example,the third semiconductor die 3710 is an I/O die that includes otherexample circuitry 3712 (e.g., memory, logic circuitry, etc.) tofacilitate operation of the first multi-core processor 3600. In thisexample, the third semiconductor die 3710 includes two instances of theDLB 3702. In some examples, one or more of the semiconductor dies 3706,3708, 3710 may include more than one instance of the DLB 3702, fewer ormore CPU cores 3704, fewer or more other circuitry 3712, etc., and/or acombination thereof.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 37 , the DLB 3702 is hardware. Forexample, the DLB 3702 can be implemented by one or more analog ordigital circuit(s), logic circuits, programmable processor(s),programmable controller(s), GPU(s), DSP(s), ASIC(s), PLD(s), and/orFPLD(s). In some examples, the DLB 3702 may be implemented by hardware,software, and/or firmware.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 37 , the DLB 3702 is/are incommunication with corresponding one(s) of the CPU cores 3704. Forexample, the DLB 3702 can enqueue data (e.g., a data pointer or otheridentifying data associated with data stored in memory, hardware, etc.)from a data producer (e.g., a NIC) and dequeue the data to one(s) of theCPU cores 3704 for processing. For example, the data can be stored inRAM or any other type of memory in hardware. In such examples, the datacan be stored in the second multi-core processor 3700 or external to thesecond multi-core processor 3700. The pointer can correspond to a datapacket (e.g., a network data packet) obtained by a NIC or other networkinterface. Advantageously, the CPU cores 3704 can offloadscheduling-related tasks to the DLB 3702 and, thus, increaseavailability of the CPU cores 3704 for additional computing tasks.

FIG. 38 is an illustration of an example multi-core processor incommunication with an example field programmable gate array (FPGA) 3800that implements an example DLB 3802, such as the DLB 1800 of FIG. 18 ,the DLB 1902 of FIG. 19 , the DLB 2002 of FIG. 20 , the DLB 2102, 2104of FIG. 21 , the DLB 2202 of FIG. 22 , the DLB 2302 of FIG. 23 , the DLB2402 of FIG. 24 , the DLB 2602 of FIG. 26 , the DLB 2802 of FIG. 28 ,the DLB 3320 of FIGS. 33-34 . In this example, the FPGA 3800 includes anexample FPGA interface unit (FIU) 3804 and an example acceleratorfunctional unit (AFU) 3806, which implements the DLB 3802. In thisexample, the FIU 3804 is in communication with the AFU 3806 via a corecache interface (CCI-P). In this example, the FIU 3804 executes outputfile(s) 3808, such as Very High speed Integrated Circuit HardwareDescription Language (VHSIC-HDL or VHDL) (e.g., a VHDL output filehaving an extension .VHO) and/or example libraries 3810 (e.g., a FPGAlibrary having an extension .VA). In this example, the FPGA 3800 is incommunication with first example DRAM 3812.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 38 , the FPGA 3800 is incommunication with an example processor 3814 via a Peripheral ComponentInterconnect Express (PCIE) interface. The processor 3814 of theillustrated example includes N number of example cores 3816, an examplelast level cache 3818, and an example PCIE root port 3820. In thisexample, the processor 3814 is in communication with second example DRAM3822. In this example, the first DRAM 3812 is local memory (e.g., localto the FPGA 3800) and the second DRAM 3822 is host memory.

In example operation, the processor 3814 can offload scheduling tasks tothe DLB 3802. For example, the DLB 3802 can enqueue data, such as a datapointer that identifies a data packet stored in the second DRAM 3822. Insuch examples, the DLB 3802 can dequeue the data pointer to a consumerqueue that may be stored in the first DRAM 3812, the last level cache3818, and/or the second DRAM 3822. For example, a first core of thecores 3816 of the processor 3814 can poll a consumer queue stored in thelast level cache 3818 and determine that there is a new event (e.g., anevent having the consumer QE format depicted in FIG. 35 ) stored in theconsumer queue associated with the first core. In such examples, thefirst core can retrieve the data packet stored in the second DRAM 3822that corresponds to the data pointer referenced in the new event. Thefirst core can execute an operation on the data packet and, responsiveto completing the operation, can return the processed data packet to thesecond DRAM 3822. Responsive to the completion, the first core canenqueue the completion to the DLB 3802 to notify the DLB 3802 that theprocessing of the data packet has been completed. In some examples, theDLB 3802 can dequeue another event to the consumer queue to invoke oneof the cores 3816 to execute another operation on the data packet or adifferent data packet.

FIG. 39 is a system 3900 including the processor 3814 and the FPGA 3800of FIG. 38 . In this example, the processor 3814 includes an exampleuser application 3902, an example library 3904, and example FPGA drivers3906. The user application 3902 can access the library 3904 via anexample application programming interface (API) 3908. The library 3904includes functions that may implement at least enumeration operations3910, access operations 3912, and management operations 3914. In thisexample, the enumeration operations 3910, the access operations 3912,the management operations 3914, etc., of the library 3904 can invoke theFPGA drivers 3906 via system calls (e.g., an IOCTL system call) 3916and/or a file system (e.g., a sysfs file system) 3918.

In this example, the FPGA drivers 3906 include an example FPGAmanagement engine (FME) platform driver 3920 and an example acceleratorfunction unit (AFU) platform driver 3922. In this example, the processor3814 can enumerate an FME 3924 of the FPGA 3800 and/or an FPGA interfacemanager (FIM) 3926 via the FME platform driver 3920 and an FPGA PCIEdriver 3923. For example, the FIM 3926 can implement the FIU 3804 ofFIG. 38 . In this example, the processor 3814 can enumerate the AFU 3806of FIG. 38 via the AFU platform driver 3922 and the FPGA PCIE driver3923. In such examples, the processor 3814 can enumerate the DLB 3802implemented by the AFU 3806 via the AFU platform driver 3922.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 39 , the FME 3924 and the FIM 3926are representative of an FPGA framework 3928. The FPGA framework 3928includes and/or otherwise implements functional blocks delivered by amanufacturer of the FPGA 3800 to facilitate operation of the FPGA 3800.For example, the FPGA framework 3928 can abstract the I/O of the FPGA3800 via APIs defined by the FPGA framework 3928. In such examples, theI/O can include and/or otherwise implement I/O logic in connection withperipherals such as PCI, SDRAM, and quad small form-factor pluggable(QSFP+) logic. In this example, the AFU 3806 is representative of a userapplication 3930. For example, the user application 3930 includes and/orotherwise implements code generated by a user of the FPGA 3800.

In this example, the user application 3902, the API 3908, and thelibrary 3904 are representative of a user space 3932 of the system 3900.In this example, the system call 3916, the file system 3918, the FPGAdrivers 3906, and the FPGA PCIE driver 3923 are representative of akernel space of the system 3900. In this example, the FPGA 3800 isrepresentative of a hardware space 3936 of the system 3900.

FIGS. 40A-40D depict different example implementations of the system ofFIG. 39 . FIG. 40A depicts a first example system 4000 having a Linux®host. The first system 4000 includes example host applications 4002,example data plane development kit (DPDK) EVENT_DEV DLB poll modedrivers (PMD) 4004, an example DLB physical function (PF) driver 4006,and the DLB 3802 of FIGS. 38 and/or 39 . For example, the DPDK EVENT_DEVDLB PMD 4004 can correspond to the library 3904 or portion(s) thereof.In this example, the DLB PF driver 4006 can correspond to the AFUplatform driver 3922 of FIG. 39 .

FIG. 40B depicts a second example system 4010 having a virtualizedLinux® host. The second system 4010 includes the application 4002, theDPDK EVENT_DEV DLB PMD 4004, the DLB PF driver 4006, and the DLB 3802 ofFIG. 40A. The second system 4010 includes example virtualization drivers4012, such as virtualized DLB driver (VDLB), a virtualized EVENT_DEVdriver (VDEV), etc. For example, the virtualization drivers 4012 cancorrespond to a virtualization of the DLB PF driver 4006.Advantageously, the second system 4010 can virtualize and/or otherwiseabstract the DLB 3802 or portion(s) thereof to be used by theapplication 4002 to complete workloads. In such examples, theapplication 4002 can access and/or otherwise invoke the DLB 3802 tocomplete workload(s) via the virtualization drivers 4012, which, inturn, invoke the DLB PF driver 4006 to communicate and/or otherwiseinstruct the DLB 3802 to complete the workload(s). Advantageously, thesecond system 4010 can expose the virtualization of the DLB 3802 to theapplications 4002 of the second system 4010 or application(s) in adifferent system (e.g., the first system 4000 of FIG. 40A).

FIG. 40C depicts a third example system 4020 having a Linux® host or ahost having a different operating system than Linux® (e.g., Microsoft®Windows®, FreeBSD®, etc.). The third system 4020 includes theapplication 4002 of FIGS. 40A-40B, the DPDK EVENT_DEV DLB PMD 4004 ofFIGS. 40A-40B, example drivers 4022, such as a user space I/O (UIO)driver and a virtual function I/O (VFIO) driver, and the DLB 3802 ofFIGS. 40A-40B.

FIG. 40D depicts a fourth example system 4030 having a non-DPDK Linux®host or a virtualization of the non-DPDK Linux® host. The fourth system4030 includes the application 4002 of FIGS. 40A-40C, example DLBlibraries (LIBDLB) 4032, the virtualization drivers 4012 of FIG. 40B,the DLB PF driver 4006 of FIG. 40B, and the DLB 3802 of FIGS. 40A-40C.

FIG. 41 is an illustration of an example producer and consumerscheduling system 4100 including an example software queue manager (SQM)4110. In this example, the system 4100 includes first example hardware4102 and second example hardware 4104. The first hardware 4102 cancorrespond to memory (e.g., non-volatile memory, volatile memory, etc.,in a server rack). The second hardware 4104 can correspond to a networkinterface card (NIC) (e.g., a NIC in the server rack).

In the illustrated example of FIG. 41 , the SQM 4110 includes exampleenqueue software 4120 and example dequeue software 4130. The enqueuesoftware 4120 can obtain data from an example producer 4140 anddetermine (e.g., statically determine, randomly determine, etc.) one ofa plurality of example queues 4150 to place or enqueue the data. Thedequeue software 4130 can retrieve or dequeue the data from one of theplurality of queues 4150 and transmit the data to an example consumer4160. The data can correspond to a pointer or other identifying dataassociated with data stored in the first hardware 4102. For example, thepointer can be stored in RAM or any other type of memory in hardwaredifferent from the second hardware 4104. The pointer can reference,identify, and/or otherwise correspond to a data packet (e.g., a networkdata packet) obtained by a NIC or other network interface.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 41 , the producer 4140 and theconsumer 4160 are cores (e.g., core logic circuits, processing cores,etc.) of a hardware processor of the second hardware 4104. The producer4140 is an agent that can transmit a data pointer to the enqueuesoftware 4120 to be placed onto one of the queues 4150. For example, theproducer 4140 can correspond to a software abstraction that can drive acorresponding hardware processing core to open a first hardware threadto initiate execution of first data stored in the first hardware 4102,where the first data is referenced by a first data pointer. The producer4140 can direct the first hardware thread to transmit the first datapointer to the enqueue software 4120 to schedule execution of the firstdata.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 41 , the consumer 4160 is anotheragent that can retrieve the first data pointer from the one of thequeues 4150. For example, the consumer 4160 can correspond to a softwareabstraction that can drive a corresponding hardware processing core toopen a second hardware thread to retrieve the first data pointer fromthe first one of the queues 4150, retrieve the first data from a memorylocation of the first hardware 4102 referenced by the first datapointer, and execute one or more computing tasks associated with thefirst data and/or, more generally process the first data..

In the illustrated example of FIG. 41 , the SQM 4110 manages the queues4150 to maintain a work list in order, where the work list correspondsto a set of the data pointers stored in the queues 4150. The datapointers can be stored as a head pointer, a tail pointer, etc. The tailpointer can correspond to a next position in the queue 4150 that theenqueue software 4120 can write to and the head pointer can correspondto a next one of the stored data pointers in the queue 4150 that thedequeue software 4130 can read from. The enqueue software 4120 and thedequeue software 4130 can use the head and tail pointers to check for astate of the queues 4150, such as whether a queue is empty, not empty,full, etc.

The system 4100 of the illustrated example of FIG. 41 implements thescheduling of computing tasks to be executed by the consumers 4160 insoftware. In some instances, the system 4100 can exhibit algorithmic andperformance limitations including impact of lock latency, lockcontention, memory latency, cache and snooping behaviors, and polling ofmultiple queues. Such limitations of the system 4100 can lead toinsufficient core compute cycles being available to meet real-timerequirements for more complicated queue configurations and/or morecomplicated scheduling decisions such as having thousands of queues tomanage, determining priority between queues, and facilitating consumerload balancing.

Flowcharts representative of example hardware logic, machine readableinstructions, hardware implemented state machines, and/or anycombination thereof for implementing a DLB, such as the DLB 1800 of FIG.18 are shown in FIGS. 42-46 and/or a software distribution platform,such as the software distribution platform 5105 of FIG. 51 . The machinereadable instructions may be one or more executable programs orportion(s) of an executable program for execution by a computerprocessor and/or processor circuitry, such as the processor 4812, 4912,5012 shown in the example processor platform 4800, 4900, 5000 discussedbelow in connection with FIGS. 48, 49, and/or 50 . The program may beembodied in software stored on a non-transitory computer readablestorage medium such as a CD-ROM, a floppy disk, a hard drive, a DVD, aBlu-ray disk, or a memory associated with the processor 4812, 4912,5012, but the entire program and/or parts thereof could alternatively beexecuted by a device other than the processor 4812, 4912, 5012 and/orembodied in firmware or dedicated hardware. Further, although theexample program is described with reference to the flowchartsillustrated in FIGS. 42-46 and/or 47 , many other methods ofimplementing the example DLB 1800 may alternatively be used. Forexample, the order of execution of the blocks may be changed, and/orsome of the blocks described may be changed, eliminated, or combined.Additionally or alternatively, any or all of the blocks may beimplemented by one or more hardware circuits (e.g., discrete and/orintegrated analog and/or digital circuitry, an FPGA, an ASIC, acomparator, an operational-amplifier (op-amp), a logic circuit, etc.)structured to perform the corresponding operation without executingsoftware or firmware. The processor circuitry may be distributed indifferent network locations and/or local to one or more devices (e.g., amulti-core processor in a single machine, multiple processorsdistributed across a server rack, etc.).

The machine readable instructions described herein may be stored in oneor more of a compressed format, an encrypted format, a fragmentedformat, a compiled format, an executable format, a packaged format, etc.Machine readable instructions as described herein may be stored as dataor a data structure (e.g., portions of instructions, code,representations of code, etc.) that may be utilized to create,manufacture, and/or produce machine executable instructions. Forexample, the machine readable instructions may be fragmented and storedon one or more storage devices and/or computing devices (e.g., servers)located at the same or different locations of a network or collection ofnetworks (e.g., in the cloud, in edge devices, etc.). The machinereadable instructions may require one or more of installation,modification, adaptation, updating, combining, supplementing,configuring, decryption, decompression, unpacking, distribution,reassignment, compilation, etc. in order to make them directly readable,interpretable, and/or executable by a computing device and/or othermachine. For example, the machine readable instructions may be stored inmultiple parts, which are individually compressed, encrypted, and storedon separate computing devices, wherein the parts when decrypted,decompressed, and combined form a set of executable instructions thatimplement one or more functions that may together form a program such asthat described herein.

In another example, the machine readable instructions may be stored in astate in which they may be read by processor circuitry, but requireaddition of a library (e.g., a dynamic link library (DLL)), a softwaredevelopment kit (SDK), an application programming interface (API), etc.in order to execute the instructions on a particular computing device orother device. In another example, the machine readable instructions mayneed to be configured (e.g., settings stored, data input, networkaddresses recorded, etc.) before the machine readable instructionsand/or the corresponding program(s) can be executed in whole or in part.Thus, machine readable media, as used herein, may include machinereadable instructions and/or program(s) regardless of the particularformat or state of the machine readable instructions and/or program(s)when stored or otherwise at rest or in transit.

The machine readable instructions described herein can be represented byany past, present, or future instruction language, scripting language,programming language, etc. For example, the machine readableinstructions may be represented using any of the following languages: C,C++, Java, C#, Perl, Python, JavaScript, HyperText Markup Language(HTML), Structured Query Language (SQL), Swift, etc.

As mentioned above, the example processes of FIGS. 42-46 and/or 47 maybe implemented using executable instructions (e.g., computer and/ormachine readable instructions) stored on a non-transitory computerand/or machine readable medium such as a hard disk drive, a flashmemory, a read-only memory, a compact disk, a digital versatile disk, acache, a random-access memory and/or any other storage device or storagedisk in which information is stored for any duration (e.g., for extendedtime periods, permanently, for brief instances, for temporarilybuffering, and/or for caching of the information). As used herein, theterm non-transitory computer readable medium is expressly defined toinclude any type of computer readable storage device and/or storage diskand to exclude propagating signals and to exclude transmission media.

“Including” and “comprising” (and all forms and tenses thereof) are usedherein to be open ended terms. Thus, whenever a claim employs any formof “include” or “comprise” (e.g., comprises, includes, comprising,including, having, etc.) as a preamble or within a claim recitation ofany kind, it is to be understood that additional elements, terms, etc.may be present without falling outside the scope of the correspondingclaim or recitation. As used herein, when the phrase “at least” is usedas the transition term in, for example, a preamble of a claim, it isopen-ended in the same manner as the term “comprising” and “including”are open ended. The term “and/or” when used, for example, in a form suchas A, B, and/or C refers to any combination or subset of A, B, C such as(1) A alone, (2) B alone, (3) C alone, (4) A with B, (5) A with C, (6) Bwith C, and (7) A with B and with C. As used herein in the context ofdescribing structures, components, items, objects and/or things, thephrase “at least one of A and B” is intended to refer to implementationsincluding any of (1) at least one A, (2) at least one B, and (3) atleast one A and at least one B. Similarly, as used herein in the contextof describing structures, components, items, objects and/or things, thephrase “at least one of A or B” is intended to refer to implementationsincluding any of (1) at least one A, (2) at least one B, and (3) atleast one A and at least one B. As used herein in the context ofdescribing the performance or execution of processes, instructions,actions, activities and/or steps, the phrase “at least one of A and B”is intended to refer to implementations including any of (1) at leastone A, (2) at least one B, and (3) at least one A and at least one B.Similarly, as used herein in the context of describing the performanceor execution of processes, instructions, actions, activities and/orsteps, the phrase “at least one of A or B” is intended to refer toimplementations including any of (1) at least one A, (2) at least one B,and (3) at least one A and at least one B.

As used herein, singular references (e.g., “a”, “an”, “first”, “second”,etc.) do not exclude a plurality. The term “a” or “an” entity, as usedherein, refers to one or more of that entity. The terms “a” (or “an”),“one or more”, and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.Furthermore, although individually listed, a plurality of means,elements or method actions may be implemented by, e.g., a single unit orprocessor. Additionally, although individual features may be included indifferent examples or claims, these may possibly be combined, and theinclusion in different examples or claims does not imply that acombination of features is not feasible and/or advantageous.

FIG. 42 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions 4200 that may be executed to implement a DLB, such as theDLB 202 of FIG. 2 , the DLB 304 of FIG. 3 , the DLB 410 of FIGS. 4-6 ,the DLB 1008 of FIG. 10 , the DLB 1404 of FIGS. 14 and 16 , the DLB 1800of FIG. 18 , the DLB 1902 of FIG. 19 , the DLB 2002 of FIG. 20 , the DLB2102, 2104 of FIG. 21 , the DLB 2202 of FIG. 22 , the DLB 2302 of FIG.23 , the DLB 2402 of FIG. 24 , the DLB 2602 of FIG. 26 , the DLB 2802 ofFIG. 28 , the DLB 3320 of FIGS. 33-34 , the DLB 3602 of FIG. 36 , theDLB 3702 of FIG. 37 , and/or the DLB 3802 of FIGS. 38-40D to dynamicallyload balance a data flow. For example, the DLB 1800 of FIG. 18 can beincluded in and/or otherwise be implemented by one of the DUs 122 ofFIG. 1 , one of the CUs 124 of FIG. 1 , etc. In such examples, the DLB1800 can execute the example machine readable instructions 4200 of FIG.42 to invoke the one of the DUs 122, the one of the CUs 124, etc., toaccelerate scheduling of computing tasks (e.g., 5G cellular operations)in the multi-core computing environment 100 of FIG. 1 .

The example machine readable instructions 4200 of FIG. 42 begin at block4202, at which the DLB 1800 obtains an event including a data pointerreferencing a data packet in a packet flow. For example, the eventcontroller 4220 (FIG. 42 ) can obtain an event, such as a QE, at aproducer port (e.g., one of the producer ports 2210 of FIG. 22 ), wherethe event can include a data pointer referencing a data packet stored inmain memory (e.g., volatile memory of a server, non-volatile memory ofthe server, etc.). In such examples, the data pointer can reference thedata packet of the data flow 214 of FIG. 2 . In some such examples, theevent can have a format based on the producer HCW depicted in theexample of FIG. 35 .

At block 4204, the DLB 1800 processes the data pointer associated withthe event. For example, the event controller 1820 can inspect the CMD,the MISC, the LOCKID, the Q_INFO, the SW, etc., fields of the event. Insuch examples, the event controller 1820 can determine based on thefields of the event that the data pointer can be held in a reorderbuffer, processed by one or both stages of a two-stage priority arbiter,etc., and/or a combination thereof based on the data included in theevent.

At block 4206, the DLB 1800 enqueues the event into a first queue basedon information associated with the event. For example, the queuecontroller 1830 (FIG. 18 ) can enqueue an identifier (e.g., a datapointer) included in the event to a queue, such as one of the queues2008 of FIG. 20 , implemented with circuitry, such as the DLB 2002 ofFIG. 20 , where the identifier is associated with a data packet of adata flow.

At block 4208, the DLB 1800 schedules the event to be executed by acore. For example, the arbitration controller 1860 (FIG. 18 ) can readthe data pointer from the one of the queues 2008 and identify one of theconsumer cores 2006 of FIG. 20 to process the data packet referenced bythe data pointer. In such examples, the arbitration controller 1860 canassign the data pointer in the one of the queues 2008 to a first one ofthe consumer cores 2006. For example, the arbitration controller 1860can allocate the data pointer in the one of the queues 2008 to the firstone of the consumer cores 2006.

At block 4210, the DLB 1800 dequeues the event by writing the event to asecond queue associated with the core. For example, the arbitrationcontroller 1860 can dequeue the data pointer from the one of the queues2008 and write the data pointer to one of the consumer queues 2016 ofFIG. 20 .

At block 4212, the DLB 1800 invokes the core to read the event andexecute a computing operation associated with the event. For example,the arbitration controller 1860 can invoke one of the consumer cores2006 to execute one or more computing tasks, operations, etc., on a datapacket associated with the data pointer in response to the arbitrationcontroller 1860 writing the data pointer to the one of the consumerqueues 2016 that is associated with the one of the consumer cores 2006.In such examples, in response to an execution of the one or morecomputing tasks, the one or more operations, etc., on the data packetwith the one of the consumer cores 2006, the one of the consumer cores2006 writes a completion byte in an event. In some such examples, theone of the consumer cores 2006 enqueues the event with the completionbyte to the DLB 2002. The DLB 2002 can provide the data pointer to asecond one of the consumer cores 2006 to cause the second one of theconsumer cores 2006 to distribute the data packet.

At block 4214, the DLB 1800 determines whether there is another event toprocess. For example, the event controller 1820 can determine whether anew event has been received at the front-end logic circuitry of the DLB2202, such as the producer port 2210. If, at block 4214, the DLB 1800determines that there is another event to process, control returns toblock 4202 to obtain another event, otherwise the example machinereadable instructions 4200 of FIG. 42 conclude.

FIG. 43 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions 4300 that may be executed to implement a DLB, such as theDLB 202 of FIG. 2 , the DLB 304 of FIG. 3 , the DLB 410 of FIGS. 4-6 ,the DLB 1008 of FIG. 10 , the DLB 1404 of FIGS. 14 and 16 , the DLB 1800of FIG. 18 , the DLB 1902 of FIG. 19 , the DLB 2002 of FIG. 20 , the DLB2102, 2104 of FIG. 21 , the DLB 2202 of FIG. 22 , the DLB 2302 of FIG.23 , the DLB 2402 of FIG. 24 , the DLB 2602 of FIG. 26 , the DLB 2802 ofFIG. 28 , the DLB 3320 of FIGS. 33-34 , the DLB 3602 of FIG. 36 , theDLB 3702 of FIG. 37 , and/or the DLB 3802 of FIGS. 38-40D to dynamicallyload balance a data flow.

The example machine readable instructions 4300 of FIG. 43 begin at block4302, at which the DLB 1800 processes a data packet by enqueuing a datapointer referencing the data packet to a dynamic load balancer. Forexample, the data packet can be included in and/or otherwise associatedwith a data flow of network communications. For example, one of the DUs122 of FIG. 1 , one of the CUs 124 of FIG. 1 , etc., can process a datapacket by invoking the DLB 1800 to inspect an event associated with thedata packet to determine a priority, determine whether reordering of thepacket and/or associated packets are needed, etc., based on dataincluded in the event. In such examples, the event controller 1820 (FIG.18 ) can inspect the event.

At block 4304, the DLB 1800 executes a credit check. For example, theevent controller 1820 can spend a credit to enqueue an event associatedwith the packet. In such examples, the event controller 1820 can executea credit check as described above in connection with the fifth workflow3200 of FIG. 32 .

At block 4306, the DLB 1800 stores a 16B hardware control word (HCW).For example, the event controller 1820 can generate a 16B HCW based onthe producer HCW format of the illustrated example of FIG. 35 . In suchexamples, the event controller 1820 can store the 16B HCW in the storage1880 (FIG. 18 ). In response to storing the 16B HCW, control returns toblock 4302 to process another data packet. In the illustrated example ofFIG. 43 , control returns to block 4302 from block 4306 four times tofill a 64B storage unit at block 4308. In some examples, control may notreturn to block 4302 while, in other examples, control may return adifferent number of times than four.

In response to filling the 64B storage unit at block 4308, the DLB 1800executes a memory instruction at block 4310. For example, the eventcontroller 1820 can execute a LFENCE, a MFENCE, a SFENCE, etc.,instruction.

At block 4312, the DLB 1800 executes a move data instruction. Forexample, the DLB 1800 can move a double quadword from a source operandto a destination operand by executing a MOVDQA instruction. In responseto executing the move data instruction at block 4312, control returns toblock 4302 to process another data packet.

FIG. 44 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions 4400 that may be executed to implement a DLB, such as theDLB 202 of FIG. 2 , the DLB 304 of FIG. 3 , the DLB 410 of FIGS. 4-6 ,the DLB 1008 of FIG. 10 , the DLB 1404 of FIGS. 14 and 16 , the DLB 1800of FIG. 18 , the DLB 1902 of FIG. 19 , the DLB 2002 of FIG. 20 , the DLB2102, 2104 of FIG. 21 , the DLB 2202 of FIG. 22 , the DLB 2302 of FIG.23 , the DLB 2402 of FIG. 24 , the DLB 2602 of FIG. 26 , the DLB 2802 ofFIG. 28 , the DLB 3320 of FIGS. 33-34 , the DLB 3602 of FIG. 36 , theDLB 3702 of FIG. 37 , and/or the DLB 3802 of FIGS. 38-40D to dynamicallyload balance a data flow based on events.

The example machine readable instructions 4400 of FIG. 44 begin at block4402, at which the DLB 1800 configures an event device. For example, theevent device can be the DLB 2202 of FIG. 22 . In such examples, theconfiguration controller 1810 can configure a number of event ports(e.g., a number of the producer ports 2210 of FIG. 22 ), a number ofevent queues (e.g., a number of the queues 2214 of FIG. 22 ), a limit orthreshold number of infight events in the DLB 2202 (e.g., a number ofevents that the DLB 2202 can process, a number of events that can bereceived by the DLB 2202 during a time interval, etc.), etc.

At block 4404, the DLB 1800 configures load balanced and directed eventports. For example, the configuration controller 1810 can configure theproducer ports 2210 in communication with the first set of producerthreads 2304 of FIG. 23 and the producer ports 2210 in communicationwith the second set of the producer threads 2304 of FIG. 23 . In suchexamples, the configuration controller 1810 can configure an enqueuequeue depth, a dequeue queue depth, a new event threshold, etc.,associated with ports of the DLB 2202 of FIG. 22 , the DLB 2302 of FIG.23 , etc. In some such examples, the configuration controller 1810 canconfigure an enqueue queue depth by configuring a depth (e.g., a numberof QEs that can be queued) of the queues 2214. The configurationcontroller 1810 can configure a dequeue queue depth by configuring adepth of the consumer queues 2212 of FIG. 22 . The configurationcontroller 1810 can configure a threshold number of new events that theproducer ports 2210 and/or, more generally, the DLB 2202, can receiveand process.

At block 4406, the DLB 1800 configures load-balanced and directed eventqueues. For example, the configuration controller 1810 can configure theproducer ports 2210 in communication with the first set of producerthreads 2304 of FIG. 23 and the producer ports 2210 in communicationwith the second set of the producer threads 2304 of FIG. 23 . In suchexamples, the configuration controller 1810 can configure a schedulingtype that a queue can support, re-order sequence numbers (for orderedscheduling), and/or atomic flows (for atomic scheduling). In some suchexamples, the configuration controller 1810 can configure the firstqueues 2308 of FIG. 23 as atomic queues, the second queues 2310 of FIG.23 as non-atomic queues, and the third queues 2312 of FIG. 23 as directqueues.

At block 4408, the DLB 1800 links event queues to event ports. Forexample, the configuration controller 1810 can link first producer portsof the DLB 2302 of FIG. 23 configured as load balanced ports to one ormore of the first queues 2308, second producer ports of the DLB 2302configured as direct ports to one or more of the second queues 2310,etc. In such examples, the configuration controller 1810 establishes thelinks between event ports and event queues to determine which queues canschedule to which ports. For example, a load-balanced queue can belinked to any number of load-balanced ports, whereas a directed queuemust be linked to a single port. In such examples, the configurationcontroller 1810 links QID 1 of the first queues 2308 to producer core Eof the producer threads 2304 and links QID 0 and QID 3 of the firstqueues 2308 to producer core B of the producer threads 2304.

At block 4410, the DLB 1800 starts the event device. For example, theconfiguration controller 1810 can enable the DLB 2202 of FIG. 22 , theDLB 2302 of FIG. 23 , etc., to begin scheduling events. In suchexamples, the configuration controller 1810 can enable, trigger, and/orotherwise invoke the event controller 1820 (FIG. 18 ) to begin receivingevents and scheduling the events for processing.

At block 4412, the DLB 1800 receives an event. For example, the eventcontroller 1820 can receive an event from a port (e.g., one(s) of theproducer ports 2210). In such examples, the event controller 1820 canreceive zero or more events, depending on the number of events in aqueue of the port (e.g., each of the producer ports 2210 may have aqueue to receive events with and enqueue events to) and/or the maximumnumber of events the DLB 1800 can support as configured by theconfiguration controller 1810. In some such examples, the eventcontroller 1820 can obtain an event via a polled mode of operation(e.g., one(s) of the producer ports 2210 polling one(s) of the producerthreads 2206). Alternatively, the event controller 1820 may receive anevent in response to a producer core, such as one(s) of the producerthreads 2206 pushing the event to the one(s) of the producer ports 2210.

At block 4414, the DLB 1800 processes the event. For example, the eventcontroller 1820 can extract data from the event and determine how toprocess the event based on the data. In such examples, the queuecontroller 1830 (FIG. 18 ) can enqueue the data into one of the queues2214 of FIG. 22 based on the data. In some examples, the eventcontroller 1820 processed the received events in order. For example, thetype of processing on the received events depends on the queueidentifier, the event type and/or sub event type fields included in thedata of the event. For example, a multi-stage pipeline (e.g., anapplication with multiple operations, such as the application 2700 ofFIG. 27 ) can have one queue per stage, such that the queue identifierof the event indicates which stage of processing to apply to the event.For example, a first queue of the queues 2214 of FIG. 22 can beallocated and/or otherwise assigned to effectuate processing of the RXclassification operations 2702 of FIG. 27 , a second queue of the queues2214 can be allocated and/or otherwise assigned to effectuate processingof the pre-cryptographic operations 2704 of FIG. 27 , etc.

At block 4416, the DLB 1800 forwards or releases the event. For example,the arbitration controller 1860 (FIG. 18 ) can forward the event to aworker core in the pool of worker cores 2606 to process an operation ofthe application 2700 of FIG. 27 . In other examples, the arbitrationcontroller 1860 can release the event to the second core 2608 fordistribution in response to completing the application 2700 on theevent.

At block 4418, the DLB 1800 determines whether there is another event toprocess. For example, the event controller 1820 can determine thatanother event has been received at the producer ports 2210. If, at block4418, the DLB 1800 determines that another event has been received,control returns to block 4412 to receive the event, otherwise theexample machine readable instructions 4400 of FIG. 44 conclude.

FIG. 45 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions 4500 that can be executed to implement a DLB, such as theDLB 202 of FIG. 2 , the DLB 304 of FIG. 3 , the DLB 410 of FIGS. 4-6 ,the DLB 1008 of FIG. 10 , the DLB 1404 of FIGS. 14 and 16 , the DLB 1800of FIG. 18 , the DLB 1902 of FIG. 19 , the DLB 2002 of FIG. 20 , the DLB2102, 2104 of FIG. 21 , the DLB 2202 of FIG. 22 , the DLB 2302 of FIG.23 , the DLB 2402 of FIG. 24 , the DLB 2602 of FIG. 26 , the DLB 2802 ofFIG. 28 , the DLB 3320 of FIGS. 33-34 , the DLB 3602 of FIG. 36 , theDLB 3702 of FIG. 37 , and/or the DLB 3802 of FIGS. 38-40D to dynamicallyload balance a data flow.

The example machine readable instructions 4500 of FIG. 45 begin at block4502, at which the DLB 1800 obtains a packet flow from a data source ata receive (RX) core. For example, the event controller 1820 (FIG. 18 )can identify an incoming elephant flow from a data source, such as fromone(s) of the devices 108, 110, 112, 114, 116 of the device environment102 of FIG. 1 to be transmitted to the core network 106 and/or the cloudnetwork 107 of FIG. 1 . In such examples, the elephant flow can bereceived by the NIC 316 of FIG. 3 . In some such examples, the NIC 316can be included in and/or in communication with one(s) of the DUs 122 ofFIG. 1 . For example, the DUs 122 can receive the elephant flow from theRRUs 120. In such examples, the event controller 1820 can receive thedata flow 306 from the producer core 310 of FIG. 3 .

At block 4504, the DLB 1800 identifies available core(s) based ontelemetry data. For example, the telemetry controller 1870 (FIG. 18 )can identify that a first worker core, a second worker core, and a thirdworker core of the worker cores 412 of FIG. 4 are available based on atelemetry parameter, such as a core utilization percentage. In suchexamples, the telemetry controller 1870 can obtain utilization data fromthe worker cores 412 and determine the processing core utilizations 802of FIG. 8 based on the utilization data.

At block 4506, the DLB 1800 enqueues data packets from the RX core anddequeues the data packets to the available core(s). For example, thequeue controller 1830 (FIG. 18 ) can enqueue the elephant flow orportion(s) thereof from the producer core 408 to memory and dequeue theelephant flow or portion(s) thereof to the worker cores 412. In suchexamples, the queue controller 1830 can enqueue events including datapointers that reference data packets of the elephant flow in the queues2214 of FIG. 22 . In some such examples, the arbitration controller 1860(FIG. 18 ) can dequeue the data pointers of the events to the availableone(s) of the worker cores 412.

At block 4508, the DLB 1800 optimizes execution of computing task(s) onthe data packets to generate processed data packets. For example, thetelemetry controller 1870 can determine that a throughput threshold isnot satisfied based on the current quantity of the worker cores 412processing the elephant flow. In such examples, the configurationcontroller 1810 (FIG. 18 ) can increase the quantity of the worker cores412 allocated to processing the elephant flow. An example process thatmay be executed to implement block 4508 is described below in connectionwith FIG. 46 .

At block 4510, the DLB 1800 re-orders and/or aggregates the processeddata packets. For example, the reorder controller 1840 (FIG. 18 ) canre-order the processed data packets based on an identifier (e.g., aqueue identifier, a flow identifier, etc.). In such examples, theaggregation controller 1850 (FIG. 18 ) can aggregate the re-orderedprocessed data packets into a data stream in preparation fortransmission or further processing.

At block 4512, the DLB 1800 dequeues the processed data packets to atransmit (TX) core. For example, the arbitration controller 1860 candequeue data pointers that reference the re-ordered and/or aggregatedprocessed data packets to the consumer core 414 of FIG. 4 . In suchexamples, consumer core 414 can retrieve the re-ordered and/oraggregated processed data packets at addresses in the memory based onthe dequeued data pointers.

At block 4514, the DLB 1800 invokes transmission of the processed datapackets to a different logic entity. For example, in response todequeuing the processed data packets to the consumer core 414, theconsumer core 414 can transmit the processed data packets to the NIC 316for transmission to different hardware, software, and/or firmware. Insuch examples, the NIC 316 of the one(s) of the DUs 122 can transmit theretrieved data packets to one(s) of the CUs 124 for distribution to thecore network 106 of FIG. 1 .

At block 4516, the DLB 1800 determines whether there is another packetflow to process. For example, the event controller 1820 can determinethat there is another incoming elephant flow to process. In suchexamples, the elephant flow can be from the core network 106 to thedevice environment 102, from the device environment 102 to the corenetwork 106, etc. If, at block 4516, the DLB 1800 determines that thereis another packet flow to process, control returns to block 4502 toobtain another packet flow. If, at block 4516, the DLB 1800 determinesthat there is not another packet flow to process, the example machinereadable instructions 4500 of FIG. 45 conclude.

FIG. 46 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions 4600 that can be executed to implement a DLB, such as theDLB 202 of FIG. 2 , the DLB 304 of FIG. 3 , the DLB 410 of FIGS. 4-6 ,the DLB 1008 of FIG. 10 , the DLB 1404 of FIGS. 14 and 16 , the DLB 1800of FIG. 18 , the DLB 1902 of FIG. 19 , the DLB 2002 of FIG. 20 , the DLB2102, 2104 of FIG. 21 , the DLB 2202 of FIG. 22 , the DLB 2302 of FIG.23 , the DLB 2402 of FIG. 24 , the DLB 2602 of FIG. 26 , the DLB 2802 ofFIG. 28 , the DLB 3320 of FIGS. 33-34 , the DLB 3602 of FIG. 36 , theDLB 3702 of FIG. 37 , and/or the DLB 3802 of FIGS. 38-40D to optimizeexecution of computing task(s) on the data packets to generate processeddata packets.

The example machine readable instructions 4600 of FIG. 46 can beexecuted to implement block 4508 of FIG. 45 . The example machinereadable instructions 4600 of FIG. 46 begin at block 4602, at which theDLB 1800 determines throughput in response to an execution of computingtask(s) based on telemetry data. For example, the telemetry controller1870 (FIG. 18 ) can determine the throughput 1504 of 60% for the CPU1402 of FIG. 14 in response to one of the worker cores 1410 beingassigned to process an elephant flow.

At block 4604, the DLB 1800 determines whether the throughput satisfiesa line rate. For example, the telemetry controller 1870 can compare thethroughput 1504 of 60% to the line rate 1506 or throughput threshold of100% and determine that the throughput 1504 of 60% does not meet and/orotherwise satisfy the throughput threshold of 100%.

If, at block 4604, the DLB 1800 determines that the throughput satisfiesthe line rate, control proceeds to block 4608 to determine whether thereare data packet(s) left to process. If, at block 4604, the DLB 1800determines that the throughput does not satisfy the line rate, then, atblock 4606, the DLB 1800 increases a quantity of cores assigned toprocessing of the packet flow to improve throughput. For example, theconfiguration controller 1810 (FIG. 18 ) can allocate additional one(s)of the worker cores 1410 to process the elephant flow to improvethroughput of the CPU 1402.

In response to increasing the quantity of cores at block 4606, the DLB1800 determines whether there are data packet(s) left to process atblock 4608. If, at block 4608, the DLB 1800 determines that there aredata packet(s) left to process, control returns to block 4602 todetermine an updated throughput value in response to execution ofcomputing task(s) using the increased number of cores. If, at block4608, the DLB 1800 determines that there are no data packet(s) left toprocess, control returns to block 4510 of the example machine readableinstructions 4500 of FIG. 45 to re-order and/or aggregate the processeddata packets.

FIG. 47 is a flowchart representative of example machine readableinstructions 4700 that may be executed to implement an example softwaredistribution platform, such as the software distribution platform 5105of FIG. 51 , to distribute software to the DLB of FIGS. 2-6, 10, 14, 16,18-24, 26, 28, 33, 34, and/or 36-40D. The example machine readableinstructions 4700 begin at block 4702, at which the softwaredistribution platform 5105 generates machine readable instructions toload balance data flows. For example, the software distribution platform5105 can generate the machine readable instructions 4200, 4300, 4400,4500, 4600 of FIGS. 42, 43, 44, 45, and/or 46 . In such examples, thesoftware distribution platform 5105 can generate an executable based onthe machine readable instructions 4200, 4300, 4400, 4500, 4600 of FIGS.42, 43, 44, 45, and/or 46 .

At block 4704, the software distribution platform 5105 distributes themachine readable instructions to dynamic load balancer(s) to cause theDLB(s) to be configured and the DLB(s) to schedule events forprocessing. For example, the software distribution platform 5105 cantransmit the machine readable instructions 4200, 4300, 4400, 4500, 4600of FIGS. 42, 43, 44, 45, and/or 46 , the executable, etc., to DLB(s)included in one(s) of the DUs 122 of FIG. 1 , one(s) of the CUs 124 ofFIG. 1 , one(s) of the core devices 126 of FIG. 1 , etc., and/or acombination thereof. In such examples, in response to the softwaredistribution platform 5105 distributing the machine readableinstructions 4200, 4300, 4400, 4500, 4600 of FIGS. 42, 43, 44, 45,and/or 46 , the executable, etc., to the DLB(s), the DLB(s) can executethe machine readable instructions 4200, 4300, 4400, 4500, 4600 of FIGS.42, 43, 44, 45, and/or 46 , the executable, etc., to configure theDLB(s). In some such examples, the machine readable instructions 4200,4300, 4400, 4500, 4600 of FIGS. 42, 43, 44, 45, and/or 46 , theexecutable, etc., when executed, can configure the DLB to be configuredas described above in connection with at least blocks 4402, 4404, 4406,4408 of FIG. 44 . In some such examples, the machine readableinstructions 4200, 4300, 4400, 4500, 4600 of FIGS. 42, 43, 44, 45,and/or 46 , the executable, etc., when executed, can cause the DLB(s) toschedule events associated with data flows as described herein. Inresponse to the distribution of the machine readable instructions atblock 4704, the example machine readable instructions 4700 of FIG. 47conclude.

FIG. 48 is a block diagram of an example processor platform 4800structured to execute the instructions of FIGS. 42-46 to implement theDLB 1800 of FIG. 18 . The processor platform 4800 can be, for example, adistributed unit (e.g., the DU 122 of FIG. 1 ), a centralized unit(e.g., one of the CUs 124 of FIG. 1 ), a core device (e.g., one of thecore devices 126 of FIG. 1 ), a server (e.g., a computer server, an edgeserver, etc.), a personal computer, a workstation, a self-learningmachine (e.g., a neural network), a mobile device (e.g., a cell phone, asmart phone, a tablet such as an iPad™), a personal digital assistant(PDA), an Internet appliance, a DVD player, a CD player, a digital videorecorder, a Blu-ray player, a gaming console, a personal video recorder,a set top box, a headset or other wearable device, or any other type ofcomputing device.

The processor platform 4800 of the illustrated example includes aprocessor 4812. The processor 4812 of the illustrated example ishardware. For example, the processor 4812 can be implemented by one ormore integrated circuits, logic circuits, microprocessors, GPUs, DSPs,or controllers from any desired family or manufacturer. The hardwareprocessor may be a semiconductor based (e.g., silicon based) device. Inthis example, the processor 4812 implements the example configurationcontroller 1810, the example event controller 1820, the example queuecontroller 1830, the example reorder controller 1840, the exampleaggregation controller 1850, the example arbitration controller 1860,and the example telemetry controller 1870 of FIG. 18 .

The processor 4812 of the illustrated example includes a local memory4813 (e.g., a cache). The processor 4812 of the illustrated example isin communication with a main memory including a volatile memory 4814 anda non-volatile memory 4816 via a bus 4818. The volatile memory 4814 maybe implemented by Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM),Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS® Dynamic Random AccessMemory (RDRAM®) and/or any other type of random access memory device.The non-volatile memory 4816 may be implemented by flash memory and/orany other desired type of memory device. Access to the main memory 4814,4816 is controlled by a memory controller.

The processor platform 4800 of the illustrated example also includes aninterface circuit 4820. The interface circuit 4820 may be implemented byany type of interface standard, such as an Ethernet interface, auniversal serial bus (USB), a Bluetooth® interface, a near fieldcommunication (NFC) interface, and/or a PCI express interface.

In the illustrated example, one or more input devices 4822 are connectedto the interface circuit 4820. The input device(s) 4822 permit(s) a userto enter data and/or commands into the processor 4812. The inputdevice(s) can be implemented by, for example, an audio sensor, amicrophone, a camera (still or video), a keyboard, a button, a mouse, atouchscreen, a track-pad, a trackball, an isopoint device, and/or avoice recognition system.

One or more output devices 4824 are also connected to the interfacecircuit 4820 of the illustrated example. The output devices 4824 can beimplemented, for example, by display devices (e.g., a light emittingdiode (LED), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a liquid crystaldisplay (LCD), a cathode ray tube display (CRT), an in-place switching(IPS) display, a touchscreen, etc.), a tactile output device, a printerand/or speaker. The interface circuit 4820 of the illustrated example,thus, typically includes a graphics driver card, a graphics driver chipand/or a graphics driver processor.

The interface circuit 4820 of the illustrated example also includes acommunication device such as a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, amodem, a residential gateway, a wireless access point, and/or a networkinterface to facilitate exchange of data with external machines (e.g.,computing devices of any kind) via a network 4826. The communication canbe via, for example, an Ethernet connection, a digital subscriber line(DSL) connection, a telephone line connection, a coaxial cable system, asatellite system, a line-of-site wireless system, a cellular telephonesystem, etc.

The processor platform 4800 of the illustrated example also includes oneor more mass storage devices 4828 for storing software and/or data.Examples of such mass storage devices 4828 include floppy disk drives,hard drive disks, compact disk drives, Blu-ray disk drives, redundantarray of independent disks (RAID) systems, and digital versatile disk(DVD) drives. In this example, the one or more mass storage devices 4828implements the storage 1880 of FIG. 18 .

The machine executable instructions 4832 of FIGS. 42-46 may be stored inthe mass storage device 4828, in the volatile memory 4814, in thenon-volatile memory 4816, and/or on a removable non-transitory computerreadable storage medium such as a CD or DVD.

FIG. 49 is a block diagram of an example processor platform 4900structured to execute the instructions of FIGS. 42-46 to implement amulti-core computing environment including a first example DLB 4940 anda second example DLB 4942. The first DLB 4940 and/or the second DLB 4942can be implemented by the DLB 202 of FIG. 2 , the DLB 304 of FIG. 3 ,the DLB 410 of FIGS. 4-6 , the DLB 1008 of FIG. 10 , the DLB 1404 ofFIGS. 14 and 16 , the DLB 1800 of FIG. 18 , the DLB 1902 of FIG. 19 ,the DLB 2002 of FIG. 20 , the DLB 2102, 2104 of FIG. 21 , the DLB 2202of FIG. 22 , the DLB 2302 of FIG. 23 , the DLB 2402 of FIG. 24 , the DLB2602 of FIG. 26 , the DLB 2802 of FIG. 28 , the DLB 3320 of FIGS. 33-34, the DLB 3602 of FIG. 36 , the DLB 3702 of FIG. 37 , and/or the DLB3802 of FIGS. 38-40D. The processor platform 4900 can be, for example, adistributed unit (e.g., the DU 122 of FIG. 1 ), a centralized unit(e.g., one of the CUs 124 of FIG. 1 ), a core device (e.g., one of thecore devices 126 of FIG. 1 ), a server (e.g., a computer server, an edgeserver, etc.), a personal computer, a workstation, a self-learningmachine (e.g., a neural network), a mobile device (e.g., a cell phone, asmart phone, a tablet such as an iPad™), a PDA, an Internet appliance, aDVD player, a CD player, a digital video recorder, a Blu-ray player, agaming console, a personal video recorder, a set top box, a headset orother wearable device, or any other type of computing device.

The processor platform 4900 of the illustrated example includes aprocessor 4912. The processor 4912 of the illustrated example ishardware. For example, the processor 4912 can be implemented by one ormore integrated circuits, logic circuits, microprocessors, GPUs, DSPs,or controllers from any desired family or manufacturer. The hardwareprocessor may be a semiconductor based (e.g., silicon based) device. Inthis example, the processor 4912 includes the first DLB 4940. In someexamples, the processor 4912 includes more than one instance of thefirst DLB 4940.

The processor 4912 of the illustrated example includes a local memory4913 (e.g., a cache). The processor 4912 of the illustrated example isin communication with a main memory including a volatile memory 4914 anda non-volatile memory 4916 via a bus 4918. The volatile memory 4914 maybe implemented by Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM),Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS® Dynamic Random AccessMemory (RDRAM®) and/or any other type of random access memory device.The non-volatile memory 4916 may be implemented by flash memory and/orany other desired type of memory device. Access to the main memory 4914,4916 is controlled by a memory controller. In FIG. 49 , the first DLB4940 and/or the second DLB 4942 can access the main memory.

The processor platform 4900 of the illustrated example also includes aninterface circuit 4920. The interface circuit 4920 may be implemented byany type of interface standard, such as an Ethernet interface, auniversal serial bus (USB), a Bluetooth® interface, a near fieldcommunication (NFC) interface, and/or a PCI express interface. In FIG.49 , the second DLB 4942 can interact with one or more differentcomponents of the processor platform 4900 via the interface circuit4920.

In the illustrated example, one or more input devices 4922 are connectedto the interface circuit 4920. The input device(s) 4922 permit(s) a userto enter data and/or commands into the processor 4912. The inputdevice(s) 4922 can be implemented by, for example, an audio sensor, amicrophone, a camera (still or video), a keyboard, a button, a mouse, atouchscreen, a track-pad, a trackball, an isopoint device, and/or avoice recognition system.

One or more output devices 4924 are also connected to the interfacecircuit 4920 of the illustrated example. The output devices 4924 can beimplemented, for example, by display devices (e.g., an LED, an OLED, aLCD, a CRT display, an IPS display, a touchscreen, etc.), a tactileoutput device, a printer and/or speaker. The interface circuit 4920 ofthe illustrated example, thus, typically includes a graphics drivercard, a graphics driver chip and/or a graphics driver processor.

The interface circuit 4920 of the illustrated example also includes acommunication device such as a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, amodem, a residential gateway, a wireless access point, and/or a networkinterface to facilitate exchange of data with external machines (e.g.,computing devices of any kind) via a network 4926. The communication canbe via, for example, an Ethernet connection, a digital subscriber line(DSL) connection, a telephone line connection, a coaxial cable system, asatellite system, a line-of-site wireless system, a cellular telephonesystem, etc.

The processor platform 4900 of the illustrated example also includes oneor more mass storage devices 4928 for storing software and/or data.Examples of such mass storage devices 4928 include floppy disk drives,hard drive disks, compact disk drives, Blu-ray disk drives, RAIDsystems, and DVD drives.

The machine executable instructions 4932 of FIGS. 42-46 may be stored inthe mass storage device 4928, in the volatile memory 4914, in thenon-volatile memory 4916, and/or on a removable non-transitory computerreadable storage medium such as a CD or DVD.

FIG. 50 is an example system 5000 capable of executing the exampleinstructions of FIGS. 42-46 to implement a DLB, such as the first DLB4940 and/or the second DLB 4942 of FIG. 49 . In the illustrated exampleof FIG. 49 , the system 5000 is a processor platform (e.g., a multi-corecomputing system), such as a server (e.g., a single socket server, adual socket server, a 1U server, a 2U server, etc.). For example, thesystem can implement one of the DUs 122 of FIG. 1 , one of the CUs 124of FIG. 1 , one of the core devices 126 of FIG. 1 , etc. Alternatively,the system 5000 can be any other type of computing device or computingsystem. The system 5000 of the illustrated example includes an examplechassis 5010, which can be coupled to and/or otherwise integrated into acabinet (e.g., a server cabinet, a rack-mounted cabinet, etc.).

In the illustrated example, the system 5000 includes a plurality ofprocessors 5012, a plurality of local memories 5013, and a plurality ofthe DLB 1800 of FIG. 18 . Alternatively, fewer or more than theplurality of the processors 5012, the plurality of the local memories5013, and/or the plurality of the DLB 1800 than depicted in FIG. 50 maybe used. In this example, the processors 5012 can implement theprocessor 4812 of FIG. 48 or the processor 4912 of FIG. 49 . In thisexample, the local memories 5013 can implement the local memories 4813of FIG. 48 or the local memories 4813 of FIG. 49 . In this example,computer readable instructions 5032 are stored in the local memories5013. For example, the computer readable instructions 5032 can implementthe computer readable instructions 4832 of FIG. 48 or the computerreadable instructions 4932 of FIG. 49 .

A block diagram illustrating an example software distribution platform5105 to distribute software such as the example computer readableinstructions 4832, 4932, 5032 of FIGS. 48-50 to third parties isillustrated in FIG. 51 . The example software distribution platform 5105may be implemented by any computer server, data facility, cloud service,etc., capable of storing and transmitting software to other computingdevices. The third parties may be customers of the entity owning and/oroperating the software distribution platform 5105. For example, theentity that owns and/or operates the software distribution platform 5105may be a developer, a seller, and/or a licensor of software such as theexample computer readable instructions 4832, 4932, 5032 of FIGS. 48-50 .The third parties may be consumers, users, retailers, OEMs, etc., whopurchase and/or license the software for use and/or re-sale and/orsub-licensing. In the illustrated example, the software distributionplatform 5105 includes one or more servers and one or more storagedevices. The storage devices store the computer readable instructions4832, 4932, 5032, which may correspond to the example computer readableinstructions 4832, 4932, 5032 of FIGS. 48-50 , as described above. Theone or more servers of the example software distribution platform 5105are in communication with a network 5110, which may correspond to anyone or more of the Internet and/or any of the example networks 104, 106,107, 118 described above. In some examples, the one or more servers areresponsive to requests to transmit the software to a requesting party aspart of a commercial transaction. Payment for the delivery, sale and/orlicense of the software may be handled by the one or more servers of thesoftware distribution platform and/or via a third party payment entity.The servers enable purchasers and/or licensors to download the computerreadable instructions 4832, 4932, 5032 from the software distributionplatform 5105. For example, the software, which may correspond to theexample computer readable instructions 4832, 4932, 5032 of FIGS. 48-50 ,may be downloaded to the example processor platforms 4800, 4900, 5000,which is to execute the computer readable instructions 4832, 4932, 5032to implement DLB(s), such as the DLB 1800 of FIG. 18 . In some example,one or more servers of the software distribution platform 5105periodically offer, transmit, and/or force updates to the software(e.g., the example computer readable instructions 4832, 4932, 5032 ofFIGS. 48-50 ) to ensure improvements, patches, updates, etc., aredistributed and applied to the software at the end user devices.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that example methods,apparatus, and articles of manufacture have been disclosed to facilitateoperation of dynamic load balancers for multi-core computingenvironments. The disclosed methods, apparatus, and articles ofmanufacture can split distribution of data processing and dynamicallyload balance a plurality of computing cores in a manner that exceedsstatic approaches to assigning data execution tasks to computing cores.

The disclosed methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture controlwhich cores out of a plurality of computing or processing cores processdata and dynamically remap in response to determining that theidentified cores have an insufficient available quantity of utilization.The disclosed methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture improvethe efficiency of using a computing device by load balancing workloadsof computing cores and offloading scheduling of computing tasks todedicated hardware, thereby increasing an availability of the computingcores to execute additional or different workloads compared to priortechniques. The disclosed methods, apparatus, and articles ofmanufacture are accordingly directed to one or more improvement(s) inthe functioning of a computer.

Example methods, apparatus, systems, and articles of manufacture fordynamic load balancing in multi-core computing environments aredisclosed herein. Further examples and combinations thereof include thefollowing:

Example 1 includes an apparatus for hardware queue scheduling in amulti-core computing environment, the apparatus comprising a first coreand a second core of a processor, and circuitry in a die of theprocessor, at least one of the first core or the second core included inthe die, the at least one of the first core or the second core separatefrom the circuitry, the circuitry to enqueue an identifier to a queueimplemented with the circuitry, the identifier associated with a datapacket, assign the identifier in the queue to a first core of theprocessor, and in response to an execution of an operation on the datapacket with the first core, provide the identifier to the second core tocause the second core to distribute the data packet.

In Example 2, the subject matter of Example 1 can optionally includethat the queue is a first queue, and the circuitry is to determine apriority of the identifier based on the identifier, dequeue theidentifier from the first queue to first arbitration logic, the firstarbitration logic associated with the priority, provide the identifierfrom the first arbitration logic to second arbitration logic, the secondarbitration logic associated with the first core, and enqueue theidentifier from the second arbitration logic to a second queue, thesecond queue associated with the first core, the first core to dequeuethe identifier from the second queue.

In Example 3, the subject matter of Examples 1-2 can optionally includethat the identifier is a first identifier, the operation is a firstoperation, and the circuitry is to assign a second identifier in thequeue to a third core of the processor in response to a throughputparameter not satisfying a throughput threshold, the throughputparameter based on telemetry data obtained from at least one of thefirst core or the second core, the second identifier associated with asecond data packet, and in response to the third core executing a secondoperation on the second data packet, provide the second identifier tothe second core or a fourth core of the processor to cause the secondcore or the fourth core to distribute the second data packet.

In Example 4, the subject matter of Examples 1-3 can optionally includethat the queue is a first queue, and the circuitry is to receive, at aport of the circuitry, the identifier, execute, with reordering logic ofthe circuitry, a reordering operation on the identifier, identify, witharbitration logic of the circuitry, a second queue to enqueue theidentifier, and enqueue the identifier to the second queue, the firstcore to dequeue the identifier from the second queue.

In Example 5, the subject matter of Examples 1-4 can optionally includethat the identifier is a first identifier, the data packet is a firstdata packet, and the circuitry is to store the first identifier in anorder buffer, determine whether a second identifier is stored in theorder buffer, the second identifier associated with a second data packetto be distributed after the first data packet, in response todetermining that the second identifier is stored in the order buffer,enqueue the first identifier in the queue, and in response to enqueuingthe first identifier in the queue, enqueue the second identifier in thequeue.

In Example 6, the subject matter of Examples 1-5 can optionally includethat the first core is to provide a notification of the completion ofthe operation to the circuitry, and store the data packet in memory, andthe second core is to retrieve the data packet from the memory inresponse to the circuitry providing the identifier to the second core.

In Example 7, the subject matter of Examples 1-6 can optionally includethat the circuitry is to identify a data source of the identifier,determine whether the data source has a producer credit, the identifierenqueued to the queue in response to determining that the data sourcehas the producer credit, deduct the producer credit from a number ofproducer credits associated with the data source, the number of producercredits stored in memory, and in response to the distribution, add theproducer credit to the number of the producer credits.

Example 8 includes an apparatus for hardware queue scheduling in amulti-core computing environment, the apparatus comprising a queuecontroller to enqueue an identifier to a queue implemented withcircuitry in a die of a processor, the identifier associated with a datapacket, and an arbitration controller to assign the identifier in thequeue to a first core of the processor, and in response to an executionof an operation on the data packet with the first core, provide theidentifier to a second core to cause the second core to distribute thedata packet, at least one of the first core or the second core includedin the die of the processor, the at least one of the first core or thesecond core separate from the circuitry.

In Example 9, the subject matter of Example 8 can optionally includethat the queue is a first queue, and the circuitry is to determine apriority of the identifier based on the identifier, dequeue theidentifier from the first queue to first arbitration logic, the firstarbitration logic associated with the priority, provide the identifierfrom the first arbitration logic to second arbitration logic, the secondarbitration logic associated with the first core, and enqueue theidentifier from the second arbitration logic to a second queue, thesecond queue associated with the first core, the first core to dequeuethe identifier from the second queue.

In Example 10, the subject matter of Examples 8-9 can optionally includethat the identifier is a first identifier, the operation is a firstoperation, and the arbitration controller is to assign a secondidentifier in the queue to a third core of the processor in response toa throughput parameter not satisfying a throughput threshold, thethroughput parameter based on telemetry data obtained from at least oneof the first core or the second core, the second identifier associatedwith a second data packet, and in response to the third core executing asecond operation on the second data packet, provide the secondidentifier to the second core or a fourth core of the processor to causethe second core or the fourth core to distribute the second data packet.

In Example 11, the subject matter of Examples 8-10 can optionallyinclude that the queue is a first queue, and further including an eventcontroller to receive the identifier, and a reorder controller toexecute a reordering operation on the identifier, and the arbitrationcontroller is to identify a second queue to enqueue the identifier, andthe queue controller is to enqueue the identifier to the second queue,the first core to dequeue the identifier from the second queue.

In Example 12, the subject matter of Examples 8-11 can optionallyinclude that the identifier is a first identifier, the data packet is afirst data packet, and the reorder controller is to store the firstidentifier in an order buffer, and determine whether a second identifieris stored in the order buffer, the second identifier associated with asecond data packet to be distributed after the first data packet, andthe queue controller is to enqueue the first identifier in the queue inresponse to determining that the second identifier is stored in theorder buffer, and enqueue the second identifier in the queue in responseto enqueuing the first identifier in the queue.

In Example 13, the subject matter of Examples 8-12 can optionallyinclude an event controller to obtain a notification of the completionof the operation from the first core, the first core to store the datapacket in memory, and the arbitration controller to provide theidentifier to the second core, the second core to retrieve the datapacket from the memory in response to receiving the identifier.

In Example 14, the subject matter of Examples 8-13 can optionallyinclude an event controller to identify a data source of the identifier,determine whether the data source has a producer credit, the identifierenqueued to the queue in response to determining that the data sourcehas the producer credit, deduct the producer credit from a number ofproducer credits associated with the data source, the number of producercredits stored in memory, and in response to the distribution, add theproducer credit to the number of the producer credits.

Example 15 includes an apparatus for hardware queue scheduling in amulti-core computing environment, the apparatus comprising means forenqueuing an identifier to a queue implemented with circuitry in a dieof a processor, the identifier associated with a data packet, means forassigning the identifier in the queue to a first core of the processor,and means for allocating the identifier to a second core to cause thesecond core to distribute the data packet in response to an execution ofan operation on the data packet with the first core, at least one of thefirst core or the second core are included in the die of the processor,the at least one of the first core or the second core separate from thecircuitry.

In Example 16, the subject matter of Example 15 can optionally includethat the queue is a first queue, and the circuitry is to determine apriority of the identifier based on the identifier, dequeue theidentifier from the first queue to first arbitration logic, the firstarbitration logic associated with the priority, provide the identifierfrom the first arbitration logic to second arbitration logic, the secondarbitration logic associated with the first core, and enqueue theidentifier from the second arbitration logic to a second queue, thesecond queue associated with the first core, the first core to dequeuethe identifier from the second queue.

In Example 17, the subject matter of Examples 15-16 can optionallyinclude that the identifier is a first identifier, the operation is afirst operation, and the means for assigning is to assign a secondidentifier in the queue to a third core of the processor in response toa throughput parameter not satisfying a throughput threshold, thethroughput parameter based on telemetry data obtained from at least oneof the first core or the second core, the second identifier associatedwith a second data packet, and the means for allocating is to allocatethe second identifier to the second core or a fourth core of theprocessor to cause the second core or the fourth core to distribute thesecond data packet.

In Example 18, the subject matter of Examples 15-17 can optionallyinclude that the queue is a first queue, and further including means forreceiving the identifier, and means for executing a reordering operationon the identifier, and the means for assigning is to identify a secondqueue to enqueue the identifier, and the means for allocating is toenqueue the identifier to the second queue, the first core to dequeuethe identifier from the second queue.

In Example 19, the subject matter of Examples 15-18 can optionallyinclude that the identifier is a first identifier, the data packet is afirst data packet, and the means for executing is to store the firstidentifier in an order buffer, and determine whether a second identifieris stored in the order buffer, the second identifier associated with asecond data packet to be distributed after the first data packet, andthe means for enqueueing is to enqueue the first identifier in the queuein response to determining that the second identifier is stored in theorder buffer, and enqueue the second identifier in the queue in responseto enqueuing the first identifier in the queue.

In Example 20, the subject matter of Examples 15-19 can optionallyinclude means for obtaining a notification of the completion of theoperation from the first core, the first core to store the data packetin memory, and the means for allocating is to allocate the identifier tothe second core, the second core to retrieve the data packet from thememory in response to receiving the identifier.

In Example 21, the subject matter of Examples 15-20 can optionallyinclude means for managing a number of producer credits, the means formanaging to identify a data source of the identifier, determine whetherthe data source has a producer credit, the identifier enqueued to thequeue in response to determining that the data source has the producercredit, deduct the producer credit from a number of producer creditsassociated with the data source, the number of producer credits storedin memory, and in response to the distribution, add the producer creditto the number of the producer credits.

Example 22 includes a method for hardware queue scheduling in amulti-core computing environment, the method comprising enqueuing anidentifier to a queue implemented with circuitry in a die of aprocessor, the identifier associated with a data packet, assigning theidentifier in the queue to a first core of the processor, executing,with the first core, an operation on the data packet, and in response tothe execution of the operation, providing the identifier to a secondcore of the processor to cause the second core to distribute the datapacket, at least one of the first core or the second core are includedin the die of the processor, the at least one of the first core or thesecond core separate from the circuitry.

In Example 23, the subject matter of Example 22 can optionally includethat the queue is a first queue, and further including determining apriority of the identifier based on the identifier, dequeuing theidentifier from the first queue to first arbitration logic, the firstarbitration logic associated with the priority, providing the identifierfrom the first arbitration logic to second arbitration logic, the secondarbitration logic associated with the first core, and enqueuing theidentifier from the second arbitration logic to a second queue, thesecond queue associated with the first core, the first core to dequeuethe identifier from the second queue.

In Example 24, the subject matter of Examples 22-23 can optionallyinclude that the identifier is a first identifier, the operation is afirst operation, and further including determining a throughputparameter based on telemetry data obtained from at least one of thefirst core or the second core, assigning a second identifier in thequeue to a third core of the processor in response to the throughputparameter not satisfying a throughput threshold, the second identifierassociated with a second data packet, executing, with the third core, asecond operation on the second data packet, and providing the secondidentifier to the second core or a fourth core of the processor to causethe second core or the fourth core to distribute the second data packet.

In Example 25, the subject matter of Examples 22-24 can optionallyinclude that the queue is a first queue, and further includingreceiving, at a port of the circuitry, the identifier, executing, withreordering logic of the circuitry, a reordering operation on theidentifier, identifying, with arbitration logic of the circuitry, asecond queue to enqueue the identifier, and enqueuing the identifier tothe second queue, the first core to dequeue the identifier from thesecond queue.

In Example 26, the subject matter of Examples 22-25 can optionallyinclude that the identifier is a first identifier, the data packet is afirst data packet, and further including storing the first identifier inan order buffer, determining whether a second identifier is stored inthe order buffer, the second identifier associated with a second datapacket to be distributed after the first data packet, in response todetermining that the second identifier is stored in the order buffer,enqueuing the first identifier in the queue, and in response toenqueuing the first identifier in the queue, enqueuing the secondidentifier in the queue.

In Example 27, the subject matter of Examples 22-26 can optionallyinclude providing a notification of the completion of the operation tothe circuitry, storing the data packet in memory, and retrieving thedata packet from the memory with the second core in response to thecircuitry providing the identifier to the second core.

In Example 28, the subject matter of Examples 22-27 can optionallyinclude identifying a data source of the identifier, determining whetherthe data source has a producer credit, the identifier enqueued to thequeue in response to determining that the data source has the producercredit, deducting the producer credit from a number of producer creditsassociated with the data source, the number of producer credits storedin memory, and in response to the distribution, adding the producercredit to the number of the producer credits.

Example 29 includes an apparatus for dynamic load balancing in amulti-core computing environment, the apparatus comprising a first coreand a plurality of second cores of a processor, and circuitry in a dieof the processor, the circuitry separate from the first core and thesecond cores, the circuitry to enqueue identifiers in one or more queuesin the circuitry, the identifiers associated with respective ones ofdata packets of a packet flow, allocate one or more of the second coresto dequeue first ones of the identifiers in response to a throughputparameter of the first core not satisfying a throughput threshold tocause the one or more of the second cores to execute one or moreoperations on first ones of the data packets, the first ones of the datapackets corresponding to the dequeued first ones of the identifiers, andprovide the first ones of the identifiers to one or more data consumersof the processor to distribute the first ones of the data packets.

In Example 30, the subject matter of Example 29 can optionally includethat the circuitry is to allocate at least one of the first core or theone or more second cores of the processor to dequeue second ones of theidentifiers in response to the throughput parameter not satisfying athroughput threshold to cause the at least one of the first core or theone or more second cores to execute one or more operations on secondones of the data packets, the second ones of the data packetscorresponding to the dequeued second ones of the identifiers, andprovide the second ones of the identifiers to the one or more dataconsumers of the processor to distribute the second ones of the datapackets.

In Example 31, the subject matter of Examples 29-30 can optionallyinclude that the data packets are first data packets, the packet flow isa first packet flow, the identifiers are first identifiers, the one ormore operations are a first one or more operations, and the circuitry isto enqueue second identifiers in the one or more queues, the secondidentifiers associated with respective ones of second data packets of asecond packet flow, the second packet flow different from the firstpacket flow, allocate at least one of the first core or the one or moresecond cores to dequeue ones of the second identifiers to cause the atleast one of the first core or the one or more second cores to executesecond one or more operations on the second data packets, the seconddata packets corresponding to the dequeued ones of the secondidentifiers, and provide the second identifiers to the one or more dataconsumers to distribute the second data packets.

In Example 32, the subject matter of Examples 29-31 can optionallyinclude that the first identifiers are atomic queue identifiers and thesecond identifiers are at least one of non-atomic queue identifiers ordirect queue identifiers.

In Example 33, the subject matter of Examples 29-32 can optionallyinclude that the first core is a data producer, the data producer is toreceive the data packets from a network interface in communication witha first network, and the one or more data consumers are to transmit thedata packets to the network interface for distribution to a secondnetwork.

In Example 34, the subject matter of Examples 29-33 can optionallyinclude that the throughput parameter has a first value based on firsttelemetry data associated with the first core, the one or more secondcores include a third core, and the circuity is to allocate the thirdcore to dequeue a first set of the first ones of the identifiers inresponse to the first value not satisfying the throughput threshold,determine a second value of the throughput parameter in response to theallocation of the third core, the second value based on second telemetrydata associated with at least one of the first core or the third core,and dequeue a second set of the first ones of the identifiers to thefirst core and the third core in response to the second value satisfyingthe throughput threshold.

In Example 35, the subject matter of Examples 29-34 can optionallyinclude that the data packets are first data packets, the packet flow isa first packet flow, the identifiers are first identifiers, and thecircuitry is to allocate one or more of second ones of the second coresto dequeue ones of second identifiers associated with second datapackets of a second data flow different from the first packet flow, thesecond ones of the second cores not including the first core and thethird core.

Example 36 includes a method for dynamic load balancing in a multi-corecomputing environment, the method comprising enqueueing identifiers inone or more queues in circuitry of a processor, the identifiersassociated with respective ones of data packets of a packet flow, thecircuitry separate from a first core of the processor, allocating one ormore second cores of the processor to dequeue first ones of theidentifiers in response to a throughput parameter of the first core notsatisfying a throughput threshold, executing, with the one or more ofthe second cores, one or more operations on first ones of the datapackets corresponding to the dequeued first ones of the identifiers, andproviding the first ones of the identifiers to one or more dataconsumers of the processor to distribute the first ones of the datapackets.

In Example 37, the subject matter of Example 36 can optionally includeallocating at least one of the first core or the one or more secondcores of the processor to dequeue second ones of the identifiers inresponse to the throughput parameter not satisfying a throughputthreshold, executing the one or more operations on second ones of thedata packets corresponding to the dequeued second ones of theidentifiers with the at least one of the first core or the one or moreof the second cores, and providing the second ones of the identifiers tothe one or more data consumers of the processor to distribute the secondones of the data packets.

In Example 38, the subject matter of Examples 36-37 can optionallyinclude that the data packets are first data packets, the packet flow isa first packet flow, the identifiers are first identifiers, the one ormore operations are a first one or more operations, and furtherincluding enqueueing second identifiers in the one or more queues in thecircuitry, the second identifiers associated with respective ones ofsecond data packets of a second packet flow, the second packet flowdifferent from the first packet flow, identifying at least one of thefirst core or the one or more second cores to dequeue ones of the secondidentifiers, executing second one or more operations on the second datapackets corresponding to the dequeued ones of the second identifierswith the at least one of the first core or the one or more of the secondcores, and providing the second identifiers to the one or more dataconsumers to distribute the second data packets.

In Example 39, the subject matter of Examples 36-38 can optionallyinclude that the first identifiers are atomic queue identifiers and thesecond identifiers are at least one of non-atomic queue identifiers ordirect queue identifiers.

In Example 40, the subject matter of Examples 36-39 can optionallyinclude that the first core is a data producer, and further includingreceiving the data packets from a first network with a network interfacein communication with the processor, providing the data packets from thenetwork interface to the data producer, and distributing the datapackets from the one or more data consumers to the network interface fordistribution to a second network.

In Example 41, the subject matter of Examples 36-40 can optionallyinclude that the first network is at least one of a cloud network or acore network and the second network is at least one of an edge networkor a device environment.

In Example 42, the subject matter of Examples 36-41 can optionallyinclude that the throughput parameter has a first value based on firsttelemetry data associated with the first core, the one or more secondcores include a third core, and further including in response to thefirst value not satisfying the throughput threshold, allocating thethird core to dequeue a first set of the first ones of the identifiers,in response to the allocation of the third core, determining a secondvalue of the throughput parameter based on second telemetry dataassociated with at least one of the first core or the third core, and inresponse to the second value satisfying the throughput threshold,dequeuing a second set of the first ones of the identifiers with thefirst core and the third core.

In Example 43, the subject matter of Examples 36-42 can optionallyinclude that the data packets are first data packets, the packet flow isa first packet flow, the identifiers are first identifiers, and furtherincluding allocating, with the circuitry, one or more of second ones ofthe second cores to dequeue ones of second identifiers associated withsecond data packets of a second data flow different from the firstpacket flow, the second ones of the second cores not including the firstcore and the third core.

In Example 44, the subject matter of Examples 36-43 can optionallyinclude that the processor is included in a computing device thatimplements at least one of a radio access network (RAN) or a virtualRAN.

Example 45 includes an apparatus for dynamic load balancing in amulti-core computing environment, the apparatus comprising a first coreand a second core of a processor, and circuitry in a die of theprocessor, the circuitry to enqueue an identifier in a queue in thecircuitry, the identifier associated with a data packet of a packetflow, dequeue the identifier to the first core to cause the first coreto execute a first operation on the data packet, enqueue the identifierin the queue in response to obtaining an indication of completion of thefirst operation, dequeue the identifier to the first core or the secondcore to cause the first core or the second core to execute a secondoperation on the data packet different from the first operation, andprovide the identifier to a data consumer of the processor to distributethe data packet.

In Example 46, the subject matter of Example 45 can optionally includethat the circuitry is separate from the first core and the second core,and the die includes the first core, the second core, and the circuitry.

In Example 47, the subject matter of Examples 45-46 can optionallyinclude that the die is a first die that includes the first core and thesecond core, and the processor includes a second die that includes thecircuitry.

In Example 48, the subject matter of Examples 45-47 can optionallyinclude that the first operation is a decryption operation of anInternet Protocol security (IPsec) application and the second operationis an encryption operation of the IPsec application.

In Example 49, the subject matter of Examples 45-48 can optionallyinclude that the queue is a first queue, the circuitry is to enqueue theidentifier to a second queue from the first queue, the first core is topoll the second queue, and the first core is to dequeue the identifierfrom the second queue in response to the polling.

In Example 50, the subject matter of Examples 45-49 can optionallyinclude that the data packet is a first data packet, the packet flow isa first packet flow, the identifier is a first identifier, the queue isa first queue, and the circuitry is to enqueue a second identifier in asecond queue, the second identifier associated with a second data packetof a second packet flow, the second packet flow different from the firstpacket flow, allocate a third core of the processor to dequeue thesecond identifier to cause the third core to execute the firstoperation, the second operation, or a third operation on the second datapacket, the second data packet corresponding to the dequeued secondidentifier, and provide the second identifier to the data consumer todistribute the second data packet.

In Example 51, the subject matter of Examples 45-50 can optionallyinclude that the first queue is ordered based on atomicity, and thesecond queue is ordered based on direct ordering.

Example 52 includes a method for dynamic load balancing in a multi-corecomputing environment, the method comprising enqueueing an identifier ina queue in circuitry of a processor, the identifier associated with adata packet of a packet flow, executing, with a first core of aprocessor, a first operation on the data packet in response to the firstcore dequeuing the identifier from the circuitry, enqueuing, with thecircuitry, the identifier in the queue in response to obtaining anindication of completion of the first operation, executing, with thefirst core or a second core of the processor, a second operation on thedata packet different from the first operation in response to the firstcore or the second core dequeuing the identifier from the circuitry, andproviding the identifier to a data consumer of the processor todistribute the data packet.

In Example 53, the subject matter of Example 52 can optionally includethat the circuitry is separate from the first core and the second core,and the processor includes a die, the die including the first core, thesecond core, and the circuitry.

In Example 54, the subject matter of Examples 52-53 can optionallyinclude that the processor includes a first die and a second die, thefirst die includes the first core and the second core, and the seconddie includes the circuitry.

In Example 55, the subject matter of Examples 52-54 can optionallyinclude that the first operation is a decryption operation of anInternet Protocol security (IPsec) application and the second operationis an encryption operation of the IPsec application.

In Example 56, the subject matter of Examples 52-55 can optionallyinclude that the queue is a first queue, and further including enqueuingthe identifier to a second queue from the first queue, and polling thesecond queue with the first core, the first core to dequeue theidentifier from the second queue in response to the polling.

In Example 57, the subject matter of Examples 52-56 can optionallyinclude that the data packet is a first data packet, the packet flow isa first packet flow, the identifier is a first identifier, the queue isa first queue, and further including enqueuing a second identifier in asecond queue, the second identifier associated with a second data packetof a second packet flow, the second packet flow different from the firstpacket flow, allocating a third core of the processor to dequeue thesecond identifier, executing the first operation, the second operation,or a third operation on the second data packet, the second data packetcorresponding to the dequeued second identifier, and provide the secondidentifier to the data consumer to distribute the second data packet.

In Example 58, the subject matter of Examples 52-57 can optionallyinclude that the first queue is ordered based on atomicity and thesecond queue is ordered based on direct ordering.

Example 59 is a computer-readable medium comprising instructions toperform any of Examples 1-7.

Example 60 is a computer-readable medium comprising instructions toperform any of Examples 22-28.

Example 61 is an apparatus comprising processor circuitry to perform anyof Examples 22-28.

Example 62 is an edge server comprising processor circuitry to performany of Examples 22-28.

Example 63 is a core server comprising processor circuitry to performany of Examples 22-28.

Example 64 is a computer-readable medium comprising instructions toperform any of Examples 29-35.

Example 65 is a computer-readable medium comprising instructions toperform any of Examples 36-44.

Example 66 is an apparatus comprising processor circuitry to perform anyof Examples 36-44.

Example 67 is an edge server comprising processor circuitry to performany of Examples 36-44.

Example 68 is a core server comprising processor circuitry to performany of Examples 36-44.

Example 69 is a computer-readable medium comprising instructions toperform any of Examples 45-51.

Example 70 is a computer-readable medium comprising instructions toperform any of Examples 52-58.

Example 71 is an apparatus comprising processor circuitry to perform anyof Examples 52-58.

Example 72 is an edge server comprising processor circuitry to performany of Examples 52-58.

Example 73 is a core server comprising processor circuitry to performany of Examples 52-58.

Although certain example systems, methods, apparatus, and articles ofmanufacture have been disclosed herein, the scope of coverage of thispatent is not limited thereto. On the contrary, this patent covers allsystems, methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture fairly fallingwithin the scope of the claims of this patent.

The following claims are hereby incorporated into this DetailedDescription by this reference, with each claim standing on its own as aseparate embodiment of the present disclosure.

1. An apparatus comprising: a first core and a plurality of second coresof a processor; and circuitry in a die of the processor, the circuitryto: enqueue identifiers in one or more queues in the circuitry, theidentifiers to reference a network data packet obtained by a networkinterface card; allocate one or more of the second cores to dequeuefirst ones of the identifiers to cause the one or more of the secondcores to execute one or more operations on first ones of the datapackets, the first ones of the data packets corresponding to thedequeued first ones of the identifiers; and distribute the first ones ofthe data packets.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the circuitry isto: allocate at least one of the first core or the one or more secondcores of the processor to dequeue second ones of the identifiers inresponse to the throughput parameter not satisfying a throughputthreshold to cause the at least one of the first core or the one or moresecond cores to execute one or more operations on second ones of thedata packets, the second ones of the data packets corresponding to thedequeued second ones of the identifiers; and provide the second ones ofthe identifiers to the one or more data consumers of the processor todistribute the second ones of the data packets.
 3. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the data packets are first data packets, the packetflow is a first packet flow, the identifiers are first identifiers, theone or more operations are a first one or more operations, and thecircuitry is to: enqueue second identifiers in the one or more queues,the second identifiers associated with respective ones of second datapackets of a second packet flow, the second packet flow different fromthe first packet flow; allocate at least one of the first core or theone or more second cores to dequeue ones of the second identifiers tocause the at least one of the first core or the one or more second coresto execute second one or more operations on the second data packets, thesecond data packets corresponding to the dequeued ones of the secondidentifiers; and provide the second identifiers to the one or more dataconsumers to distribute the second data packets.
 4. The apparatus ofclaim 3, wherein the first identifiers are atomic queue identifiers andthe second identifiers are at least one of non-atomic queue identifiersor direct queue identifiers.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thefirst core is a data producer, the data producer is to receive the datapackets from a network interface in communication with a first network,and the one or more data consumers are to transmit the data packets tothe network interface for distribution to a second network.
 6. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the throughput parameter has a first valuebased on first telemetry data associated with the first core, the one ormore second cores include a third core, and the circuitry is to:allocate the third core to dequeue a first set of the first ones of theidentifiers in response to the first value not satisfying the throughputthreshold; determine a second value of the throughput parameter inresponse to the allocation of the third core, the second value based onsecond telemetry data associated with at least one of the first core orthe third core; and dequeue a second set of the first ones of theidentifiers to the first core and the third core in response to thesecond value satisfying the throughput threshold.
 7. The apparatus ofclaim 6, wherein the data packets are first data packets, the packetflow is a first packet flow, the identifiers are first identifiers, andthe circuitry is to allocate one or more of second ones of the secondcores to dequeue ones of second identifiers associated with second datapackets of a second data flow different from the first packet flow, thesecond ones of the second cores not including the first core and thethird core.
 8. A method comprising: enqueueing identifiers in one ormore queues in circuitry of a processor, the identifiers to reference anetwork data packet obtained by a network interface card; allocating oneor more second cores of the processor to dequeue first ones of theidentifiers ; executing, with the one or more of the second cores, oneor more operations on first ones of the data packets corresponding tothe dequeued first ones of the identifiers; and distribute the firstones of the data packets.
 9. The method of claim 8, further including:allocating at least one of the first core or the one or more secondcores of the processor to dequeue second ones of the identifiers inresponse to the throughput parameter not satisfying a throughputthreshold; executing the one or more operations on second ones of thedata packets corresponding to the dequeued second ones of theidentifiers with the at least one of the first core or the one or moreof the second cores; and providing the second ones of the identifiers tothe one or more data consumers of the processor to distribute the secondones of the data packets.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the datapackets are first data packets, the packet flow is a first packet flow,the identifiers are first identifiers, the one or more operations are afirst one or more operations, and further including: enqueueing secondidentifiers in the one or more queues in the circuitry, the secondidentifiers associated with respective ones of second data packets of asecond packet flow, the second packet flow different from the firstpacket flow; identifying at least one of the first core or the one ormore second cores to dequeue ones of the second identifiers; executingsecond one or more operations on the second data packets correspondingto the dequeued ones of the second identifiers with the at least one ofthe first core or the one or more of the second cores; and providing thesecond identifiers to the one or more data consumers to distribute thesecond data packets.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the firstidentifiers are atomic queue identifiers and the second identifiers areat least one of non-atomic queue identifiers or direct queueidentifiers.
 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the first core is a dataproducer, and further including: receiving the data packets from a firstnetwork with a network interface in communication with the processor;providing the data packets from the network interface to the dataproducer; and distributing the data packets from the one or more dataconsumers to the network interface for distribution to a second network.13. The method of claim 12, wherein the first network is at least one ofa cloud network or a core network and the second network is at least oneof an edge network or a device environment.
 14. The method of claim 8,wherein the throughput parameter has a first value based on firsttelemetry data associated with the first core, the one or more secondcores include a third core, and further including: in response to thefirst value not satisfying the throughput threshold, allocating thethird core to dequeue a first set of the first ones of the identifiers;in response to the allocation of the third core, determining a secondvalue of the throughput parameter based on second telemetry dataassociated with at least one of the first core or the third core; and inresponse to the second value satisfying the throughput threshold,dequeuing a second set of the first ones of the identifiers with thefirst core and the third core.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein thedata packets are first data packets, the packet flow is a first packetflow, the identifiers are first identifiers, and further includingallocating, with the circuitry, one or more of second ones of the secondcores to dequeue ones of second identifiers associated with second datapackets of a second data flow different from the first packet flow, thesecond ones of the second cores not including the first core and thethird core.
 16. The method of claim 8, wherein the processor is includedin a computing device that implements at least one of a radio accessnetwork (RAN) or a virtual RAN.
 17. An apparatus comprising: a firstcore and a second core of a processor; and circuitry in a die of theprocessor, the circuitry to: enqueue an identifier in a queue in thecircuitry, the identifier to reference a network data packet obtained bya network interface card; dequeue the identifier to the first core tocause the first core to execute a first operation on the data packet;enqueue the identifier in the queue in response to obtaining anindication of completion of the first operation; dequeue the identifierto the first core or the second core to cause the first core or thesecond core to execute a second operation on the data packet differentfrom the first operation; and distribute the data packet.
 18. Theapparatus of claim 17, wherein the circuitry is separate from the firstcore and the second core, and the die includes the first core, thesecond core, and the circuitry.
 19. The apparatus of claim 17, whereinthe die is a first die that includes the first core and the second core,and the processor includes a second die that includes the circuitry. 20.The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the first operation is a decryptionoperation of an Internet Protocol security (IPsec) application and thesecond operation is an encryption operation of the IPsec application.